The invention discloses a novel handheld negative-pressure sputum aspirator for emergency treatment. The novel handheld negative-pressure sputum aspirator comprises a fixed handle, wherein two guide rods are symmetrically arranged on the right side of the fixed handle, the left end of each guide rod is fixedly connected with the right end surface of the fixed handle, return springs are arranged between the two guide rods, the two guide rods penetrate through the left and right end surfaces of a movable handle, the other end of each guide rod is fixedly connected with a support board, accommodating grooves are formed in the upper parts of the front and rear sides of the movable handle, a through hole is formed in the middle of the movable handle, the middle of the right side of the movable handle is connected with the left end of a piston rod, the inner sides of the accommodating grooves are connected with groove covers through rotation shafts, a display screen is mounted outside the front groove cover, a controller is arranged inside the front accommodating groove, and a storage battery is arranged inside the rear accommodating groove. The novel handheld negative-pressure sputum aspirator for emergency treatment is simple in structure, convenient to assemble and disassemble, convenient to wash and disinfect, and convenient to carry, and is suitable for medical workers to use in rescuing critically ill patients.