The invention provides an under-floor air supply data center refrigeration system. The under-floor air supply data center refrigeration system comprises two rows of cabinets, the air inlet ends of which are arranged in a face-to-face manner; air return devices, which are connected with the air outlet ends of the cabinets; air return ducts provided with built-in heat exchangers; a machine room elevated through hole floor; and a cooling channel formed by the cabinets, a channel door, the elevated through hole floor, and a top part closing plate in an encircled manner. The hot air exhausted by the air outlet ends of the cabinets are delivered by the air return devices to the heat exchangers for cooling. The heat exchangers are disposed in the air return ducts, and one side of each of the air return ducts is connected with the corresponding air return device, and the other side of each of the air return ducts is connected with the lower part of the elevated through hole floor. The cooled air enters the lower part of the floor, and is delivered to the cooling channel by the through hole floor after being mixed and stabilized. The cool air in the cooling channel is sucked in by the cabinets, and then is exhausted by the cabinets to complete heat dissipation circulation. The under-floor air supply data center refrigeration system is advantageous in that energy loss of a draught fan on an end of an air conditioner is saved, and problems of common under-floor air supply systems such as non-uniform air supply in the length direction of the cooling channel, two fast bottom air supply speed, small air inlet quantity of servers on the lower parts of the cabinets, and easy generation of local hot spots are improved, and therefore the internal temperature of the cabinets is reduced, and the integrated heat dissipation efficiency of the cabinets is improved.