The invention relates to a high-vacuum high-speed rotating magnetic transmission device of a friction testing machine. The high-vacuum high-speed rotating magnetic transmission device comprises an outer driving shaft, an inner driven shaft, an inner permanent magnet, an inner permanent magnet fixing seat, an outer permanent magnet, an outer permanent magnet fixing seat, a rotating disc, a bearing support, a quartz separation component and a loading rod. The inner permanent magnet fixing seat is fixed to the lower portion of the inner driven shaft, and the inner permanent magnet is fixed to the lower portion of the inner permanent magnet fixing seat. The outer permanent magnet is opposite to the inner permanent magnet and fixed to the upper portion of the outer permanent magnet fixing seat, the outer permanent magnet fixing seat an the outer driving shaft are fixedly connected, and the inner permanent magnet and the outer permanent magnet are separated through the profiled quartz separation component. The quartz separation component and the bearing support cooperate to seal the inner driven shaft, the inner permanent magnet fixing seat and the inner permanent magnet in a sealed vacuum space. The outer driving shaft and the inner driven shaft are coaxially arranged. The rotating disc and the upper portion of the inner driven shaft are fixedly connected in a sealed mode. The loading rod is arranged above the rotating disc, and a friction test piece on the loading rod makes contact with the rotating disc.