41results about How to "Good wrinkle resistance" patented technology

The invention discloses a blumea oil microcapsule antibacterial mask and a preparation method thereof. The mask is formed by sequentially superposing and stitching a super amphiphobic blocking cotton fabric layer, a blumea oil microcapsule antibacterial fabric, a super amphiphobic blocking cotton fabric layer and a contact protective layer cotton fabric from outside to inside. The antibacterial mask is high in efficiency, broad-spectrum, safe, washable antibacterial and antiviral mask having a prevention and treatment effect. The mask has an excellent health-care effect on human skin. At the same time, the prepared fabrics have shrink-resistance and non-ironing effect without the release of formaldehyde or super low formaldehyde, so the mask is an environmentally-friendly multifunctional textile product.

The invention discloses a post-treatment method for a comfortable and cool terylene silk-like fabric. The method includes steps of desizing, alkali decrement treatment on a base fabric and padding finishing. In the step of alkali decrement treatment on the base fabric, a treatment solution includes components of, by weight, 2-3% of caustic soda, 0.15-0.25% of penetrating agent, 0.15-0.25% of scouring agent, and the balance of water; a bath ratio is 1:15-20; a treatment temperature is 120+ / -5 DEG C; a treatment time is 40+ / -3min; and a reduction rate is 10-12%. Adoption of the method in the invention to prepare terylene fabric overcomes the hard handle of terylene fabric, improves wearing conformability of polyester fabric; and the product has the advantages of convenient processing and high resource utilization rate.

A wrinkle resistant and shrink proof finishing agent for fabrics and a preparation method thereof. The wrinkle resistant and shrink proof finishing agent for fabrics comprises the following raw materials by weight: 8-10 parts of aminoethyl imido propylpolysiloxane, 12-15 parts of dihydroxymethyl dihydroxy ethylene urea, 3-6 parts of magnesium oxide, 2-4 parts of alkyltrimethylammonium chloride, 1-2 parts of citric acid, stearic acid, 0.5-1 part of water and 100-110 parts of water. The finishing agent provided by the invention can endow the cotton fabric with good wrinkle resistant and shrink proof performances, and cotton fabric treated by the finishing agent has washing shrinkage reduced by 20%; and the preparation method of the finishing agent provided by the invention is simple and feasible, and can be widely popularized and applied.

The invention relates to an advertising cloth, especially to a foaming coating inner lighting advertising cloth. The foaming coating inner lighting advertising cloth comprises a base cloth layer, theupper side and lower side of the base cloth layer are respectively coated with a whitening waterproof layer, wherein the surface of a whitening waterproof layer on one side is coated with a foaming flame retardant coating, and the surface of the foaming flame retardant coating is coated with an ink absorption coating. The invention also discloses a preparation technology of the advertising cloth.The preparation technology includes coating of the whitening waterproof coating, coating of the foaming flame retardant coating, and coating of the ink absorption coating. The advertising cloth provided by the invention has the advantages of flame retardance, wrinkle resistance, light weight, good handfeel, and fine printed image quality.

The invention discloses a multifunctional anti-wrinkle skincare product composition and a preparation method thereof. The anti-wrinkle skincare product composition comprises the following components by weight percent: 0.01-15% of a moisturizer, 0.5-10% of a silybum marianum extract, 1-5% of carnosine, 0.1-5.0% of a thickener, 0.01-1.0% of a chelating agent, 0.1-5.0% of an emulsifier, 1-10% of an additive and the balance of deionized water. The multifunctional anti-wrinkle skincare product composition provided by the invention can resist three aging-inducing major biochemical reactions (formation of free radicals, lipid peroxidation and formation of cross-linking protein) at the same time through scientific collocation of two components with different activities so as to have apparent glycation resistance, and can maintain skin's elasticity, enhance skin's compactness, reduce production of wrinkles and fine lines, and protect the skin from aging caused by oxidation.

The invention discloses a production technique of a super-high-speed dacron and chinlon spinning dual-component crossing composite fiber. A chinlon 6 dry slice and a dacron dry slice are input to twodifferent spinning screw extruders to heat, melt, mix, meter and filter and then enter two different spinning boxes, two metering pumps and two spinning components to form a melt body; then the melt body is extruded from two spinneret plate micropores, and cooled and cured to be two wires through a cooling device; through nozzle oiling, pre-networking, stretching and thermal shaping, the chinlon 6beam wires and Dacron beam wire can be formed and then input to a crossing compounding device to compound, roll and shape at super-high speed, thus the product is acquired. The dual-component crossing composite fiber has good wet absorption and air breathability, anti-wrinkle performance; the fiber is applicable to high-grade fabrics and cloth fabric, and is featured by short technical flow, lowproduction cost, multifunctional, high in addition value, and obvious in performance cost, and others.

The invention discloses anti-radiation cloth and a preparation method thereof. The invention belongs to the technical field of cloth processing, the anti-radiation cloth sequentially comprises a crease-resistant layer, a waterproof layer, an anti-radiation layer and a base cloth layer from top to bottom, wherein the crease-resistant layer is formed by interweaving warp yarns, weft yarns and melamine fibers, the waterproof layer is a polytetrafluoroethylene layer, the anti-radiation layer is a composite layer of nano-silver and nano-titanium dioxide, and the base cloth layer comprises terylene,artificial fibers and cotton fibers. The anti-radiation cloth is not prone to wrinkling, good in anti-radiation effect, waterproof and particularly suitable for preparing cloth for umbrellas, raincoats and sunshade umbrellas. The anti-radiation cloth is simple in preparation method, sufficient in raw material source, appropriate in price and suitable for industrial large-scale application.

The invention discloses preparation and application of an N-methyl piperazinyl silane coupling agent. The structural formula of the N-methyl piperazinyl silane coupling agent is shown as the formula (I). According to the invention, tetramethylammonium hydroxide is used as a catalyst; mass polymerization is conducted between the N-methyl piperazinyl silane coupling agent and octamethyl cyclotetrasiloxane to obtain N-methyl piperazinyl polysilicone; the N-methyl piperazinyl polysilicone is further emulsified by an emulsifier to obtain N-methyl piperazinyl polysilicone emulsion which can be used for preparing a fabric softening and finishing agent. Fabrics and products made of the fabrics which are treated with the N-methyl piperazinyl polysilicone have different properties and handle styles when being compared with those treated with aminoethyl aminopropyl polysilicone; wherein the N-methyl piperazinyl polysilicone is synthesized by using the N-methyl piperazinyl silane coupling agent with a novel structure as a raw material. The N-methyl piperazinyl silane coupling agent can meet the requirements of high grading and diversification of the market, and is an indispensable raw material for added-value increment and high functionalization of fibers.

The invention provides a crease-resistant wear-resistant fabric, which comprises a fabric body, wherein the fabric body is of an double-rib composite double-layer tissue structure compounded by changeplain stitch and tuck stitch; an inner layer fabric of the fabric body is woven by spandex composite yarns; an outer layer fabric of the fabric body is woven by chinlon composite yarns; the inner layer fabric and the outer layer fabric are connected in series through the tuck stitch. The fabric uses a double-rib air layer structure; the spandex composite yarns are used as the inner layer fabric;the chinlon composite yarns are used as the outer layer fabric; the problems of poor wear resistant performance, poor durability and easy crease occurrence of the existing fabric are solved.

The invention discloses a high-performance true silk material production device, which comprises a material discharging opening (1), a reaction kettle (2), a cleaning tank (3), a rinsing tank (4) and a plurality of refining kettles which form a circular shape sequentially; the high-performance true silk material production device also comprises a rotating arm which can lift a material basket loaded with material and rotate the material basket above the material discharging opening (1), the reaction kettle (2), the cleaning tank (3) and the rinsing tank (4). The production device also comprises a temperature automatic control unit, a fluid level automatic control unit, a motion automatic control unit, a fluid pipeline automatic control unit, an interface parameter displaying and process position displaying unit and an automatic / manual function shifting unit. The production device can satisfy the production process requirements of the high-performance true silk material, the stream line production operation method is adopted, and the automaticity during the production process can be greatly enhanced.

The embodiment of the invention provides an antibacterial anti-virus washable multifunctional mask and a preparation method thereof. The mask comprises a mask body and two ear bands, wherein the maskbody comprises two composite protective layers which are oppositely overlapped and sewn; each composite protective layer comprises a polyester fiber long fiber fabric layer and a polyester fiber shortfiber fabric layer arranged on the polyester fiber long fiber fabric layer; therefore, the mask body with the four protective layers is made of polyester, the mask has good crease resistance, water resistance and antifouling property, good conformality, repeatable cleaning, the repeated use frequency is up to 50 times; medical waste and reducing ambient pressure are reduced, an antiviral auxiliary agent and an antibacterial auxiliary agent are treated by an atomizer and permeate into the fiber structures of the composite protective layers; the mask has the advantages that the anti-virus and anti-bacterial functions are achieved, the fabric is high in water resistance and breathability, the face is not prone to stuffiness and sweating, the mask is suitable for long-term wearing, in addition, an far-infrared auxiliary permeates into the composite protective layers in an atomization mode, and therefore the mask has the health care function.

The invention relates to the technical field of furniture, and particularly relates to a wrinkle-proof furniture veneer pressing machine, which comprises a working platform, wherein the left and rightends of the top surface of the working platform are fixedly provided with two groups of frame plates; the tops of the two groups of frame plates are fixedly provided with a top plate; the bottom of the top plate is provided with a sliding groove; a sliding block is connected into the sliding groove in a sliding manner; the bottom of the sliding block is fixedly provided with a lead screw nut; thelead screw nut is in threaded connection with a lead screw; the left end of the lead screw is rotationally connected to the upper end of the inner side of the frame plate on the left side; and the right end of the lead screw penetrates through a through hole formed in the upper end of the frame plate on the right side and is fixedly mounted together with an output end of a motor. The invention provides the wrinkle-proof furniture veneer pressing machine; the motor is used for driving the lead screw, mounted at the output end, to rotate; the lead screw nut is enabled to drive a component, arranged at the lower end of a mounting rack, to move on the working platform to and fro in a left-right manner; a hot pressing component, a glue spraying component and a heat dissipation fan are enabledto be capable of carrying out treatment on a wooden plate to and fro; and realized veneer pressing and wrinkle-proof effects are better.

The invention relates to an anti-deformable pearl bag with wear-resistant pearls. The anti-deformable pearl bag is characterized by comprising a bag body (1), the top of which is provided with a buckle (2), straps (3) are arranged above the bag body (1), and two ends of the straps (3) are respectively connected with both ends of the top of the bag body (1), which can be convenient for ladies to carry. The surface of the bag body (1) is embroidered with pearls (4) that are compactly arranged, and the fabric used for the bag body (1) is of a network structure knitted by warp yarns (5) and weft threads (6). The anti-deformation pearl bag with wear-resistant pearls embroidered on the surface, which can be shining under the light to meet the needs of ladies. The fabric of the bag body is interwoven into a network structure by warp and weft yarns, the weft yarns are memory fiber polyester, and this memory fiber polyester makes the pearl bag have excellent anti-wrinkle function and a good rebound performance, making the pearl bag with anti-deformation function.

The invention relates to an electrostatic pollution-free garment with an electricity storage function. The garment comprises a garment body (1), wherein a plurality of solar battery panels (2) are arranged at the front part of the garment body (1), the solar battery panels (2) are connected to a lithium battery (3), and a terminal of the lithium battery (3) is connected with a USB interface (4); the garment body is made of a fabric which comprises a surface layer and a lining layer; the fabric is formed by interweaving warps and wefts. Each of the warps and wefts is a covered yarn which is compounded by a core yarn in the center and at least one fiber leather yarn spirally winding the core yarn. The fabric is formed by interweaving regularly in a staggered manner. The garment provided by the invention can be used for charging electronic products. The fabric of the garment is good in wrinkle resistance, particularly strong in bi-directional elastic force. When silk is used as the leather yarn, the garment worn next to skin is free of electrostatic pollution, good in luster and bright in printing.

The invention relates to a non-electrostatic-pollution garment for old people. The non-electrostatic-pollution garment for the old people comprises a garment body (1), two sleeves (2) are arranged on the garment body (1), an opening is formed in the outer side of the forearm end of each sleeve (2) and provided with transparent plastic (4), interlayers (5) are arranged below the transparent plastic (4), a clock (6) is placed in one of the interlayers (5), two sling chains (8) are arranged on the garment body (1), and one end of each sling chain (8) is fixed to a collar (7) while the other end of the same is provided with a chain buckle (9). The garment body is made of fabric formed by regular up-and-down interweaving of warps and wefts, and each of the warps and the wefts is a wrapped yarn formed by a central yarn and a skin yarn which is provided with at least one fiber and spirally wraps the central yarn. The non-electrostatic-pollution garment for the old people has the advantages that the old people can know the time accurately and carry presbyopic glasses by themselves, and no electrostatic pollution is achieved.

The invention relates to a static-pollution-free working garment convenient to use. The static-pollution-free working garment comprises a garment body (1); two garment sleeves (2) are arranged on the garment body (1); the inner sides of front arms of the two garment sleeves (2) are each provided with a ring of garment sleeve interlayer (3); air bags are placed into the garment sleeve interlayers (3); zippers (4) are arranged on the inner sides of the garment sleeves (2); a chest pocket (5) is arranged on the garment body (1); a pocket interlayer (6) is arranged inside the chest pocket (5); and the chest pocket (5) is divided by the pocket interlayer (6) into an inner bag and an outer bag. The garment body (1) is made of fabric which is formed by interweaving warp yarns and weft yarns; and the warp yarns and the weft yarns are each formed by wrapping yarns each formed by compounding a core yarn in the center and at least one fiber fur yarn spirally wound outside the core yarn in a flotation interweaving manner according to rules. By means of the static-pollution-free working garment, an employee card is conveniently carried. The static-pollution-free working garment is free of static pollution.

The invention relates to an anti-deformation and anti-wrinkle pearl bag, which is characterized in that it contains a bag body (1), and the bag body (1) is made of leather, and the leather includes 10% of leather fiber and 5% of nano antibacterial agent ~6%, lubricant 12~13%, preservative 8~9%, vegetable tanning agent 25~26%, fatliquoring agent 16~17%, tannic acid 5~6%, the top of the inclusion (1) A buckle (2) is provided, and a strap (3) is arranged on the top of the bag body (1). ) is embroidered with multiple rows of closely arranged sequins (4), and the fabric used in the bag body (1) is interwoven into a grid structure by warp threads (5) and weft threads (6). Set up the sponge layer. The invention is anti-deformation, can shine under light irradiation, has anti-wrinkle function, and has good rebound performance, so that the pearl bag has the function of anti-deformation and improves the anti-wrinkle performance of the pearl bag.

The invention discloses a yarn-dyed memory fabric. The fabric is prepared by interweaving warp yarns and weft yarns, wherein the warp yarns are fully drawn memory fiber polyester yarn stock solution black yarns; the weft yarns are fully drawn polyester textured yarn color yarns; and the warp yarns and the weft yarns are arranged and interwoven in a two-upper one-lower mode to form positive and negative twill weave units. The yarn-dyed memory fabric has a memory function, and colorful color pattern grids are displayed on the surface of the fabric.

The invention relates to an anti-deformation and sun-block pearl bag with good resilience. The pearl bag is characterized by comprises a bag body (1), wherein a bag buckle (2) is arranged at the top of the bag body (1), a bag belt (3) is arranged above the bag body (1), two end of the bag belt (3) are connected with two ends of the top of the bag body (1) respectively, at the same time, the surface of the bag body (1) is embroidered with multiple rows of sequins (4) which are arranged closely, each sequin (4) comprises a PET film, a color changing layer is arranged on the upper surface of the PET film, a reflective layer is arranged on the lower surface of the PET film and formed by a microprism resin pyramid, the bottom surface of the reflective layer is plated with a metal protection layer which is an electroplating aluminum protection layer, the fabric used by the bag body (1) comprises a grid structure formed by interweaving of warp (5) and weft (6), and a sun-block layer (7) is arranged on the outside of the bag body (1).

The invention relates to a deformation-resistant and anti-static pearl bag with wear-resistant sequins. The deformation-resistant and anti-static pearl bag is characterized by comprising a bag body (1), wherein the top of the bag body (1) is provided with bag buttons (2); a bag belt (3) is arranged above the bag body (1); the two ends of the bag belt (3) are connected with the two ends of the top of the bag body (1) respectively; meanwhile, a plurality of rows of sequins (4) which are arranged densely are embroidered on the surface of the bag body (1); a shell fabric used by the bag body (1) is of a latticed structure formed by interweaving of warps (5) and wefts (6); an anti-static layer (7) is arranged outside the bag body (1). The surface of the deformation-resistant and anti-static pearl bag with the wear-resistant sequins is provided with the sequins which can shine under light irradiation. The shell fabric of the bag body is of the latticed structure formed by interweaving of the warps and the wefts, so that the pearl bag has an anti-wrinkling function, high spring-back performance and an anti-deforming function. Meanwhile, the anti-static layer is arranged outside the bag body, so that the anti-static performance of the pearl bag can be improved.

The invention relates to an anti-deformation and crease-resistant pearl bag having good rebound resilience. The anti-deformation and crease-resistant pearl bag is characterized by comprising a bag body (1) made of leather, wherein the leather comprises 10% of leather fiber, 5-6% of nano bacteriostatic agent, 12-13% of lubricant, 8-9% of preservative, 25-26% of vegetable tanning agent, 16-17% of fatting agent and 5-6% of tannic acid; a button (2) is arranged at the top part of the bag body (1), and a belt (3) is arranged above the bag body (1); two ends of the belt (3) are connected with two ends of the top part of the bag body (1) respectively; a plurality of rows of densely-arranged beads (4) are embroidered on the surface of the bag body (1); a fabric for the bag body (1) is of a grid structure woven by warp yarns (5) and weft yarns (6); and a spongy layer is arranged in the bag body (1).

The invention relates to a static pollution-free garment with a fever relieving function, comprising a garment body (1). The garment body (1) is provided with a water guide tube (2); a front part of the garment body (1) is provided with a temperature controller (3); the temperature controller (3) is composed of a power supply, a heater and a temperature controlled breaker; the temperature controller (3) is connected with the water guide tube (2) through a temperature control valve (4); the garment body is made of shell fabric; the shell fabric is made by interweaving warps and wefts; each of the warps and the wefts is made by regularly interweaving covered yarns in a sink-and-rise manner, and each covered yarn is composed of a central corn yarn and at least one fiber surface yarn spirally wound on the core yarn. The static pollution-free garment has the function of physical cooling and is free of static pollution.

The invention discloses a reflective printed elastic fabric and a preparation process thereof. According to the technical scheme, the reflective printed elastic fabric is characterized by comprising abase layer and a reflective layer; the reflective layer is compounded and fixed to the surface of the base layer; and the base layer comprises 38-46% of nylon fibers, 35-48% of polyester fibers and 8-12% of spandex fibers. When the reflective printed elastic fabric and the preparation process thereof are in use, the nylon fibers, the polyester fibers and the spandex fibers are blended, so that the reflective printed elastic fabric is high in softness, convenient to store after being kneaded, good in crease resistance, high in washing resistance, excellent in wear resistance and suitable for manufacturing clothes for outdoor wearing, and the service life of the reflective printed elastic fabric can be prolonged; and the reflective printed elastic fabric is wide in applicability, the elastic fabric can be washed more than 35 times in hot water at 55 DEG C within 40 min, the durability of the reflective fabric is greatly improved, and the reflective property cannot be reduced due to washing.

The invention discloses an anti-wrinkle cosmetic containing oligomeric glutamic acid and a preparation method of the anti-wrinkle cosmetic. The main functional component of the cosmetic is 1000-6000 Da of the oligomeric glutamic acid, and the oligomeric glutamic acid which serves as a biological active peptide is independently used or is combined to other natural anti-wrinkle substances such as asea algae extract and a rye seed extract and has an anti-wrinkle effect. In addition, the cosmetic further comprises moisturizing agents such as ectoin, propylene glycol, glycerinum, sodium lactate, an antioxidant such as ascorbic acid and salt, a green tea extract, EDTA and salt, and citric acid. The cosmetic has multiple effects of resisting wrinkles, whitening skin, moisturizing and the like, does not have side effects, and is suitable for people with various skins.

The invention relates to a static-electricity-pollution-free garment capable of charging a battery. The static-electricity-pollution-free garment comprises a garment body (1). Photovoltaic conversion modules (2) are arranged on the shoulder portions of the garment body (1). A voltage stabilization module (3) is arranged on the front portion of the garment body (1). A charging module (4) is arranged on a pocket. The photovoltaic conversion modules (2), the voltage stabilization module (3) and the charging module (4) are connected through wires. The garment body is made of shell fabric. The shell fabric is formed by interweaving warp yarn and weft yarn. The warp yarn and the weft yarn are coated filaments, wherein each coated filament is formed by compounding a central core filament and at least one fiber skin filament which is wound outside the core filament spirally, and the warp yarn and the weft yarn are regularly interwoven in a mutually overlapped and staggered mode. When a person walks outdoors in the static-electricity-pollution-free garment, the photovoltaic conversion modules absorb light and heat to generate voltage so as to charge the battery, and no static electricity pollution is caused.

The invention relates to electrostatic pollution prevention clothing capable of charging a mobile phone. The electrostatic pollution prevention clothing comprises a clothing body (1), wherein small-sized power generation equipment (2) is arranged at each of two sleeves of the clothing body (1); a lithium battery (3) is arranged in the front body of the clothing body (1); the small-sized power generation equipment (2) is connected to the lithium battery (3) through lead wires; a terminal of the lithium battery (3) is connected with a USB interface (4); the clothing body is made of fabric; the fabric is formed by interweaving warp yarns and weft yarns; the warp yarns and the weft yarns are wrapping filaments formed by compounding a central core filament and one or more fiber skin filaments spirally wound outside the central core filament and are regularly interwoven ups and downs. The clothing is capable of charging the mobile phone and can prevent electrostatic pollution.

The invention relates to an anti-deformation sequin bag, which is characterized by comprising a bag body (1), wherein bag buckles (2) are arranged on the top of the bag body (1) and a bag strap (3) is arranged on the upper part of the bag body (1); two ends of the bag strap (3) are connected to two ends of the top of the bag body (1), so as to facilitate to carry the bag by a woman; meanwhile, multiple rows of sequins (4), which are densely distributed, are embroidered on the surface of the bag body (1); the sequins (4) comprise PET (polyethylene glycol terephthalate) films; color-change layers are arranged on the upper surfaces of the PET films and reflective layers are arranged on the lower surfaces; the reflective layers are constituted by micro-prism resin pyramids; metal protective layers are plated on the bottom surfaces of the reflective layers; the metal protective layers are electroplated aluminum protective layers; and the fabric of the bag body (1) is of a grid structure which is formed by interweaving warps (5) and wefts (6).

The invention relates to a wear-resistant anti-deformation and anti-seepage pearl bag, which is characterized in that it contains a bag body (1), which is made of leather, and the leather includes 10% leather fiber , Nano bacteriostatic agent 5~6%, lubricant 12~13%, preservative 8~9%, vegetable tanning agent 25~26%, fatliquor 16~17%, tannic acid 5~6%, the package The top of the body (1) is provided with a buckle (2), and the top of the bag body (1) is provided with a strap (3), and the two ends of the strap (3) are respectively connected with the two ends of the top of the bag body (1) At the same time, the surface of the bag body (1) is embroidered with multiple rows of closely arranged sequins (4), and the fabric used for the bag body (1) is interwoven into a grid-like structure by warp threads (5) and weft threads (6). An anti-seepage coating (7) is provided inside the package body (1).

A three-dimensional shirt packaging lining plate capable of reducing wrinkles comprises a lining plate body and a supporting piece. The flattened lining plate is roughly in a T shape, the left end and the right end of a T-shaped transverse block are respectively provided with an inserting bolt, and the inserting bolts are inserted into the inserting grooves when the transverse block is curled. The left portion and the right portion of the T-shaped transverse block are each provided with a bendable portion which is in an arc shape after being bent. The T-shaped vertical block comprises an upper section, a middle section and a lower section, the upper section is waist-shaped, two sides of the upper section are consistent with the arc shape of the bendable part, and fixing clamping holes are formed; the middle section is square, the middle of the middle section is provided with an inserting groove corresponding to the inserting bolt, the left side face and the right side face can be vertically folded to form a left supporting strip and a right supporting strip, the lower section comprises a lower kidney-shaped part and an inserting part which are consistent with the upper section in shape, the lower kidney-shaped part is provided with a fixing clamping hole, and an inserting groove is formed between the lower kidney-shaped part and the inserting part and matched with the inserting strip arranged on the upper side of the T-shaped transverse block. A gap layer is formed after the lower kidney-shaped part and the inserting part are folded, the supporting piece comprises a plurality of support pieces which are inserted on the left side face and the right side face which are vertically folded at intervals, and the shape of the support pieces is consistent with that of the upper section.