The invention relates to an active hyperspectral imaging system and method based on sparse aperture compression calculation correlation. The system comprises a polarization light source transmitting unit, an expanded beam lens, a fourth collimating lens, a random optical modulation unit, a sparse aperture unit, a free space collimating unit, a light beam reflection unit, a beam spot synthetizing unit, a first lens, a polarization light beam splitter, a completely reflecting mirror, a light expanding collimating unit, a spectral light splitting unit, a convergence light collecting unit, an array light detector and a compression calculation correlation module. The sparse aperture unit comprises at least three sub telescope lens, the free space collimating unit comprises at least three collimating lens, the light beam reflection unit comprises at least three reflection mirror sets, and one sub telescope lens, one collimating lens and one reflection mirror set form a light path.