The invention belongs to the technical field of nonlinear optical imaging and in particular relates to an atmospheric single particle quick three-dimensional chemical imaging method based on stimulated Raman scattering. The method provided by the invention comprises the following steps: detecting a standard substance of a to-be-detected substance by utilizing a stimulated Raman scattering microscope system, and obtaining specific parameters of a Raman peak in a stimulated Raman system; setting experiment parameters, performing quick x and y axis two-dimensional imaging on the to-be-detected substance, and repeating the process, thus obtaining an image sequence along a z axis; importing the image sequence into three-dimensional reconstruction software, so as to scan the size of a view fieldand number of pixel points, calculating the actual size of each pixel, combining a z axis scanning step size, and mapping the z axis scanning step size into initialization parameter setting during three-dimensional reconstruction, thus obtaining real stereoscopic structure information of a particle. The method provided by the invention can acquire a three-dimensional structure of an atmospheric single particle as well as specific component distribution information in short time; and the method dose not need to perform sample pretreatment, the most original state of the particle is reserved, and experimental procedures are simple.