The invention belongs to the field of pollution detection, and especially relates to a device and a method for detecting the heavy metal element pollution distribution of soil. The device for detecting the soil heavy metal element pollution distribution of soil includes a positioning rod group, a sampling system and a breakdown spectrum analysis system. When the device is used to perform detection, the sampling system performs sampling and makes a sample during detection, the analysis system analyzes the sample, and the positioning device positions the sample. The device has the following advantages: the position of a drill bit can be detected in order to easily perform two-dimensional analysis and drawing on the heavy metal pollution condition in the whole site, sampling is performed while drilling, the sampled soil is detected or directly discarded, and the sample is extruded after being analyzed in order to form a cake and achieve easy and direct LIBS detection, so no splashing, good detection accuracy and fast speed are achieved; and the whole device is mounted on a mobile detection vehicle, so the device can realize mobile detection. A two-dimensional heavy metal pollution distribution map is drawn according to the above detection result, so the heavy metal pollution reason can be easily analyzed.