The invention relates to a serial energy storage power supply multipath equalization device and a serial energy storage power supply multipath equalization method, which belong to the technical fieldof power electronics. For n serial energy storage single bodies, the multipath equalization device is composed of an inductor L, 6 switching tubes SA1, SA2, SB1, SB2, SB3, SB4 and n+2 bidirectional switches QA, Q0, Q1, Q2,...Qn. An odd number of adjacent single bodies serves as units for releasing energy and receiving energy, a unit having a single body number equal to 1 is a single body, and a unit having a single body number greater than or equal to 3 is a group. Through controlling the on-off of the switching tubes and the bidirectional switches, energy can be transferred between the unitsand the inductor, and the inductor operates in a short-circuit state when different units are switched. The serial energy storage power supply multipath equalization device and the serial energy storage power supply multipath equalization method can realize direct transfer of energy between arbitrary units, namely, can realize direct transfer of energy between arbitrary single bodies, between an arbitrary single body and an arbitrary group and between arbitrary groups, and have the advantages of short energy transfer path and high equalization efficiency.