The invention provides an adjusting device of a machine vision detecting system. The adjusting device of the machine vision detecting system comprises a camera component, a bracket, an adjusting mechanism and a zooming mechanism. The camera component is installed in the bracket, and the camera component is connected with the bracket through the adjusting mechanism. The adjusting mechanism is installed at an upper position in the bracket. The adjusting mechanism comprises a transverse screw rod, a nut base, a cavity, a driven gear, a transmission gear, a driving shaft, a moving base, a guidingrod, a limiting locking block, a limiting locking groove, a through hole, an upper rotating base, a first connecting rod, a second connecting rod and a lower rotating base. The zooming mechanism is installed on the lower side face of the moving base. The zooming mechanism comprises a second bevel gear, a first bevel gear, a first belt pulley, a first screw, a frame, a convex lens, a second screw and a second belt pulley. Compared with the prior art, the adjusting device of the machine vision detecting system has the beneficial effect of realizing adjusting functions of a detecting position andan angle, and realizing a focal length adjusting function.