The invention discloses a device for reinforcement, energy dissipation and seismic mitigation of a tenon and mortise joint of a timber structure. The device for reinforcement, energy dissipation and seismic mitigation of the tenon and mortise joint of the timber structure comprises a wood beam, a wood pole, the tenon and mortise joint, embedded steel bars, joint connecting pieces and joint fastening pieces, wherein the wood beam is connected with the wood pole through the tenon and mortise joint, conduits are formed in the upper end surface and the lower end surface of the wood beam or in the two lateral surfaces of the wood beam respectively, the embedded steel bars are embedded in the conduits in advance, the conduits are sealed through small battens and special structural adhesive, one end of each joint connecting piece is connected with a corresponding embedded steel bar, the other end of each joint connecting piece is connected with a corresponding joint fastening piece, and the joint fastening pieces penetrate through the pole body of the wood pole and are fixed on the side, back on to the wood beam, of the wood pole through anchor plates and cushion blocks. The device for reinforcement, energy dissipation and seismic mitigation of the tenon and mortise joint of the timber structure is high in bending resistance, energy-dissipation capacity and ductility, and capable of guaranteeing stability of the structure under the small earthquake condition, achieving serious deformation under the large earthquake condition to control structural damage, and achieving automatic restoration of the structure after an earthquake.