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The present invention relates to control of pest infestation by inhibiting one or more biological functions. The invention provides methods and compositions for such control. By feeding one or more recombinant double stranded RNA molecules provided by the invention to the pest, a reduction in pest infestation is obtained through suppression of gene expression. The invention is also directed to methods for making transgenic plants that express the double stranded RNA molecules, and to particular combinations of transgenic pesticidal agents for use in protecting plants from pest infestation.

Systems and methods for separating an object such as a pacing lead from a patient tissue involve a flexible and torqueable shaft having an internal lumen sized to receive the object, and a hard separating mechanism for separating the object from the tissue. Typically the shaft and separating mechanism are advanced along or toward the object, and the separating mechanism is contacted with the tissue. The shaft is rotated to effect separation between the object and the tissue. The systems and methods are well suited for use in cardiac pacing or defibrillator lead explant procedures.

The present invention provides nucleoside aryl phosphoramidates of structural formula (I) which are precursors to inhibitors of RNA-dependent RNA viral polymerase. These compounds are precursors to inhibitors of RNA-dependent RNA viral replication and are useful for the treatment of RNA-dependent RNA viral infection. They are particularly useful as precursors to inhibitors of hepatitis C virus (HCV) NS5B polymerase, as precursors to inhibitors of HCV replication, and / or for the treatment of hepatitis C infection. The invention also describes pharmaceutical compositions containing such nucleoside aryl phosphoramidates alone or in combination with other agents active against RNA-dependent RNA viral infection, in particular HCV infection. Also disclosed are methods of inhibiting RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, inhibiting RNA-dependent RNA viral replication, and / or treating RNA-dependent RNA viral infection with the nucleoside aryl phosphoramidates of the present invention.

The present invention provides nucleoside cyclic phosphoramidates of formula (I), pharmaceutical compositions comprising the compounds of formula (I) and methods of inhibiting RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, inhibiting RNA-dependent RNA viral replication, and / or treating RNA-dependent RNA viral infection using the compounds of formula (I).

The present invention relates to the treatment of disordered epithelial tissues such as cold sores and other complications resulting from disorders such as herpes, and the like. The invention relates to the use of an anti-infective and / or antimicrobial active agent in a carrier, with vigorous agitation of the disordered epithelial tissue for topical treatment thereof under such conditions sufficient to achieve clinically discernable improvement of the disordered epithelial tissue. The preferred anti-infective and / or antimicrobial active agent is an organohalide such as a quaternary ammonium compound, preferably benzalkonium chloride. The inventive method may be used also in connection with a preferred applicator configuration.

A surface-modified abrasive grain includes an abrasive grain as a substrate, and a film on the abrasive grain that includes a relatively hydrophilic silane component and a relatively hydrophobic silane component. The film can be a single film layer or multiple film layers, wherein a film layer most proximal to the abrasive grain has a predominately hydrophilic silane component, and a film layer more distal to the abrasive grain includes predominately a relatively hydrophobic silane component. Coated abrasive products and bonded abrasive products include the surface-modified abrasive grains.

The present invention provides nucleoside aryl phosphoramidates of structural formula (I) which are precursors to inhibitors of RNA-dependent RNA viral polymerase. These compounds are precursors to inhibitors of RNA-dependent RNA viral replication and are useful for the treatment of RNA-dependent RNA viral infection. They are particularly useful as precursors to inhibitors of hepatitis C virus (HCV) NS5B polymerase, as precursors to inhibitors of HCV replication, and / or for the treatment of hepatitis C infection. The invention also describes pharmaceutical compositions containing such nucleoside aryl phosphoramidates alone or in combination with other agents active against RNA-dependent RNA viral infection, in particular HCV infection. Also disclosed are methods of inhibiting RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, inhibiting RNA-dependent RNA viral replication, and / or treating RNA-dependent RNA viral infection with the nucleoside aryl phosphoramidates of the present invention. (I)

The present invention is directed to controlling pest infestation by inhibiting one or more biological functions in an invertebrate pest. The invention discloses methods and compositions for use in controlling pest infestation by feeding one or more different recombinant double stranded RNA molecules to the pest in order to achieve a reduction in pest infestation through suppression of gene expression. The invention is also directed to methods for making transgenic plants that express the double stranded RNA molecules, and to particular combinations of transgenic pesticidal agents for use in protecting plants from pest infestation.

A method and apparatus for puncturing a surface for extraction, in situ monitoring, and / or substance delivery uses microneedles with improved properties. Applications include easy to handle glucose monitoring using a group of hollow out-of-plane silicon microneedles to sample substances in interstitial fluid from the epidermal skin layer.

The present invention discloses the fabrication of polymer-coated, coated fiber composites, hybrid composites and a method and apparatus for fabricating the same. The invention provides for the maximum spraying and coating of a roving of coated fibers with molten polymer streams without making physical contact with a solid media, thus simultaneously preventing the fiber surface from getting damaged and stripping off the coating. When metal-coated fiber is used the invention improves the electromagnetic shielding properties of any subsequent product made from the inventive composite. The method and apparatus of the present invention uses sets of nozzle-type sprayers having multiple orifices to enable the thermoplastic or thermoset polymer to penetrate more efficiently into the fiber bundle, thereby providing a more uniform coverage of all fibers. The hybrid composites can consist of two or more types of reinforcements and one or more type of matrix polymer.

Porous ceramic catalyst supports or filters to be provided with catalyst coatings via oxide washcoating processes are pre-coated with cross-linked polymer barrier layers to prevent washcoat nanoparticle intrusion into the microcracked and / or microporous surfaces of the ceramics, the barrier coatings being formed by thermally cross-linking hydrocarbon polymers that are vaporizable at moderate washcoat stabilization or catalyst activation temperatures and being preferentially

Solvent-free coating materials and treating agents used as water-based wood or material protective agents containing emulsifiable binding agents, quaternary ammonium compounds and optional additional active agents. The wood or material protective agents are non-flammable and enable a uniform distribution of the binding agent and the quaternary ammonium compounds in the substrates. As a result, the quaternary ammonium compounds function as a dissolving mediator for the binding agents which are dispersed in water without opacifying effects and are used as a biocide. The agents can additionally absorb water-insoluble organic biocides without impairing the homogeneity or stability of the formulation of the homogeneity of the distribution in the substrate.

A process and apparatus for removing or reducing the levels of pathogenic bacteria present on an eviscerated carcass. The process includes introducing the eviscerated carcass to a cleaning apparatus. The cleaning apparatus generally includes a housing structure having an entrance and an exit. Disposed within the housing structure is a rotating brush assembly and a spray assembly. The brushing assembly provides brushing and massaging actions to the surfaces of the carcass whereas the spraying assembly simultaneously directs a cleaning solution onto the surfaces of the carcass.

A method and an apparatus for advantageously introducing a flame, a high velocity oxidizing gas, and a high velocity particulate flow into a furnace for metal melting, refining and processing, for example, steel making in an electric arc furnace. The steel making process of an electric arc furnace is made more efficient by shortening the time of the scrap melting phase, introducing a more effective high velocity oxidizing gas stream into the process sooner to decarburize the melted metal and introducing a more effective particulate injection to reduce FeO, form or foam slag and / or recarburize. Improved efficiency is obtained by mounting a fixed burner / lance and carbon injector lower and closer to the hot face of the furnace refractory at an effective injection angle. This mounting technique shortens the distance that the flame of the burner has to melt through scrap to clear a path to the molten metal, and shortens the distance the high velocity oxygen and high velocity particulates travel to the slag-metal interface. One method includes supplying a plurality of oxidizing reaction zones with the high velocity oxidizing gas to decarburize the melted metal and a plurality of particulate reaction zones with high velocity flows of particulate carbon for reducing FeO and / or forming foamy slag. The particulate reaction zones are located on the downstream side of the oxidizing gas reaction zones so as to minimize any effect of the reduction reaction on the decarburization reaction and to recover a part of the hot FeO produced in the oxidizing gas reaction zones.

The invention discloses a method for recovering vegetation on a strong-acid tailing waste land without soil. The method is characterized by comprising the following steps: A. performing early-stage preparations, and draining off water; B. changing the pH value of the land; C. culturing the fertility of the tailing waste land; D. screening and culturing plant varieties; and F. managing transplanted seedlings. The method has the advantages that by adopting the method for recovering the vegetation without soil, disturbance to the tailing land is reduced, and the purposes that water can be drained off, the influence of acid water to the vegetation can be alleviated, the heavy metals can be stabilized, and the living environment of plants is improved are achieved. In addition, according to the method, the cost is low, the effect taking is rapid, the effect is good and the operability is high.