The invention provides a third-generation gene sequencing data read-write method and a distributed file system. The method comprises the steps that a hard disk storage space is divided into a plurality of data storage pools, and after a data write-in request is received, write-in data are sequentially stored in the data storage pools, and after one data storage pool is fully written, the system is switched to the next data storage pool. According to the scheme, the characteristics that the gene sequencing application data is written once, only data can be read and cannot be modified subsequently, meanwhile, data writing is asynchronously carried out, and the real-time requirement is not high are utilized; and on the basis, through the scheme in the embodiment of the invention, the reading performance of the gene sequencing application data can be at least guaranteed.