43 results about "Surface-area-to-volume ratio" patented technology

The invention realtes to a nickel based hydrogenation catalyst, preparation and application thereof. Using alumina or and monox silica as carrier, the catalyst prepared by means of coprecipitation, main containing active component Ni, is characterized in catalyst composed by active component Ni, La, adjuvant X1 and carrier X2O. Calculated by weight of component, the catalyst including: NiO 40-70%, La2O3 2-5%, X2O 20-50%, wherein X1 is selected from one or more of Cu, Mg, Zr, X2 is selected from Al or and Si; surface area to volume ratio thereof is 80-200 m<2> / g, pore volume ratio is 0.4-0.8 ml / g. The catalyst is suit for mono olefin hydrogenation, especially for hydrogenation of pyrolysis C9 distillation, which has higher hydrogenation activity, definited sulfur poison resist and carboid resist to fit for higher require of high colloid raw material hydrogenation which of catalyst has high hydrogenation activity and good stability.

A Heat Exchanger comprising a three-dimensional ordered microstructure material within a shell. The three-dimensional ordered microstructure material has dimensions that allow for large surface area to volume ratios, between 300 and 15000 m2 / m3. Alternatively the three-dimensional ordered microstructure may have an open volume fraction between 0.4 and 0.6. The three-dimensional ordered microstructure may be comprised of hollow truss elements and partially filled with a thermally conductive material or a fluid. The Heat Exchanger has a heat transfer coefficient multiplied by the surface area to volume ratio between 3.7*107 and 7*109 Watts per M3K.

There is disclosed an inkjet printhead integrated which comprises drive circuitry, a plurality of nozzles and one or more heater elements corresponding to each nozzle. Each heater element is configured to heat a bubble forming liquid in the printhead to a temperature above its boiling point to form a gas bubble therein. The generation of the bubble causes the ejection of a drop of an ejectable liquid (such as ink) through respective corresponding nozzle, to effect printing. Each heater element has a surface area to volume ratio greater than 4:1. This configuration ensures that heat is quickly transferred from the elements to the ink for efficient operation and minimal heating of the printhead substrate.

A heat sink comprising a heat spreader attached to a three-dimensional ordered open-cellular microstructure material. The three-dimensional ordered open-cellular microstructure material has dimensions that allow for large surface area to volume ratios. The three-dimensional ordered open-cellular microstructure may be comprised of hollow truss elements and partially filled with a thermally conductive material or a fluid.

Novel metal organic framework (MOF) molecules and methods of synthesizing them are described. MOFs are organometallic crystalline structures that have high sorption capacity due to high surface area, tailorable selectivity, an inert nature, and thermal stability at high temperatures. MOFs may be used as sorbents in preconcentrators for analytical devices to provide orders of magnitude of improved sensitivity in analyte detection. MOFs are also useful as sorbents in new compact and portable micropreconcentrator designs such as a modified purge and trap system and a multi-valve microelectromechanical system (MEMS) to achieve high gain in analyte detection. Further, MOFs may be used as coatings for novel microstructure arrays in micropreconcentrators where the microstructures are designed to increase the surface area to volume ratio inside the micropreconcentrator while minimizing the pressure drop across the micropreconcentrator.

Nano-sized rare earth metal oxide particles are prepared from aqueous reverse micelles. The engineered nanoparticles have large surface area to volume ratios, and uniformly incorporate a surfactant in each particle, so that when applied to the inner surface of a pipeline or sprayed onto a fluid stream in a pipeline, the particles reduce the roughness of the inside surface of pipe being used to transport fluid. The application of a nanolayer of this novel nanoceria mixture causes a significant reduction in pressure drops, friction, and better recovery and yield of fluid flowing through a pipeline.

Novel metal organic framework (MOF) molecules and methods of synthesizing them are described. MOFs are organometallic crystalline structures that have high sorption capacity due to high surface area, tailorable selectivity, an inert nature, and thermal stability at high temperatures. MOFs may be used as sorbents in preconcentrators for analytical devices to provide orders of magnitude of improved sensitivity in analyte detection. MOFs are also useful as sorbents in new compact and portable micropreconcentrator designs such as a modified purge and trap system and a multi-valve microelectromechanical system (MEMS) to achieve high gain in analyte detection. Further, MOFs may be used as coatings for novel microstructure arrays in micropreconcentrators where the microstructures are designed to increase the surface area to volume ratio inside the micropreconcentrator while minimizing the pressure drop across the micropreconcentrator.

A tissue engineering scaffold for cell, tissue or organ growth comprises a biocompatible porous polyurethane cellular material comprising a plurality of substantially spherical voids of diameter from 20 to 300 microns, preferably 80 to 200 microns, interconnected by generally elliptically shaped pores. The cellular material has a void content of from 85% to 98% and a surface area to volume of from 5 to 400 mm2 / mm3, ideally from 20 to 80 mm2 / mm3.

Microbial fuel cells may include anode(s), cathode(s) and a biofilm attached to at least the anode. The biofilm may include bacterial cells adapted to facilitate transfer of a plurality of electrons to the anode from a feedstock. In an example embodiment, a microbial fuel surface may include a large surface area to volume ratio in order to increase power (electron) generation and / or transfer.

Provided is a DPF system that can perform DPF regeneration with an appropriate exhaust-injection amount even if the injection amount changes due to age-related deterioration or manufacturing variability of an exhaust-pipe injector. Said DPF system (10) is provided with: temperature sensors (26 and 27) that are provided at the entrance and exit of a DOC (23) and measure the DOC entrance temperature and DOC exit temperature during forced DPF regeneration; a surface-area-to-volume ratio determination means (29) that determines an exhaust-gas surface-area-to-volume ratio by measuring the flow rate of exhaust gas during forced DPF regeneration; and an injector diagnosis means (30) to which the temperatures measured by the temperature sensors (26 and 27) and the value determined by the surface-area-to-volume ratio determination means (29) are inputted. Said injector diagnosis means has: a heat-generation region determination unit (31) that determines whether or not the inputted values lie within a theoretical heat-generation region; and an actual-injection-amount diagnosis unit (32) that diagnoses the amount of decrease in the actual injection amount of an exhaust-pipe injector (24) if the temperatures measured by the temperature sensors (26 and 27) and the value determined by the surface-area-to-volume ratio determination means (29) do lie within the aforementioned theoretical heat-generation region.

The present disclosure provides a process for selectively producing a desired monoalkylated aromatic compound comprising the step of contacting in a reaction zone an alkylatable aromatic compound with an alkylating agent in the presence of catalyst comprising a porous crystalline material under at least partial liquid phase conditions, said catalyst manufactured from extrudate to comprise catalytic particulate material of from about 125 microns to about 790 microns in size, having an Effectiveness Factor increased from about 25% to about 750% from that of the original extrudate, and having an external surface area to volume ratio of greater than about 79 cm−1.

An apparatus and method of controlling freezing in a liquid system is disclosed. The apparatus includes a heat exchanger having a initial zone characterized by a surface area to volume ratio. The apparatus also includes means for initiating freezing of a fluid from the initial zone to facilitate volume expansion during freezing in the direction of a final zone characterized by a final zone surface area to volume ratio. The apparatus can further include a plurality of zones located between the initial zone and the final zone, wherein a zone surface area to volume ratio is calculated for each zone. Preferably, the zone surface area to volume ratio of each zone progressively decreases from the initial zone in the direction of the final zone. Preferably, the final freezing zone has the lowest surface area to volume ratio and has sufficient elasticity to accommodate the volume expansion of all the fluid that has frozen from the initial zone.

A method of exchanging heat between fluids with a heat Exchanger comprising a three-dimensional ordered microstructure material within a shell. The three-dimensional ordered microstructure material has dimensions that allow for large surface area to volume ratios, between 300 and 15000 m2 / m3. Alternatively the three-dimensional ordered microstructure may have an open volume fraction between 0.4 and 0.6. The three-dimensional ordered microstructure may be comprised of hollow truss elements and partially filled with a thermally conductive material or a fluid. The Heat Exchanger has a heat transfer coefficient multiplied by the surface area to volume ratio between 3.7*107 and 7*109 Watts per M3K.

The invention provides a method of making a frozen beverage by arranging a frozen confection in a container with the frozen confection having a three-dimensional shape with a surface area to volume ratio higher than the same volume of frozen confection which assumes the shape of the container and being arranged in the container to provide one or more open spaces or cavities including at least one extending through or around the frozen confection to the bottom of the container. The open spaces or cavities allow liquid to penetrate and enter into the frozen confection to facilitate mixing of the liquid and the frozen confection to form the frozen beverage upon demand.

In systems and methods for freezing and subsequently thawing liquid samples containing biological components, a sample is fractioned into a very large number of small drops (10) having surface area to volume ratios of 1000 m-1 or greater. The drops are projected at a liquid cryogen (40) or at the solid surface of a highly thermally conducting metal cup or plate, where they rapidly freeze. The cold gas layer that develops above any cold surface is replaced with a dry gas stream (75). The environmental temperature experienced by the sample then abruptly changes from the warm ambient to the temperature of the cryogenic liquid or solid surface. To thaw drops with the highest warming rates, the frozen drops may be projected into warm liquids. The sample is projected with cold gas to the warm liquid, so that again there is an abrupt transition in the environmental temperature.

The invention discloses a personalized femoral prosthesis and a manufacturing method. The femoral prosthesis structure includes: a patella articular surface prosthesis and a femoral articular prosthesis inside the articular surface prosthesis; Symmetric femoral condyle prosthesis; on the middle surface of the femoral articular surface prosthesis, a truss porous structure prosthesis is distributed in an array; femoral platform prosthesis is arranged on both sides of the femoral articular surface prosthesis. By adopting the parametric modeling method, the change of the model does not need to be redesigned, it can be completed only by adjusting the input parameters, which can greatly improve the design efficiency; due to the adoption of the parametric modeling method, the porosity and average pore diameter can be directly adjusted by adjusting the input parameters , surface area to volume ratio to meet the needs of different age groups; due to the force analysis of motion simulation, the optimal distribution of personalized femoral prosthesis mechanics can be realized.

Absorbent articles comprising superabsorbent particles having an increased surface area to volume ratio are disclosed. The superabsorbent particles comprising the absorbent articles are in flake-like form, and have an average surface area to volume ratio of at least about 0.05 μm−1. In one specific embodiment, the high surface area to volume superabsorbent particles have an average thickness of no more than about 30 micrometers.

A hollow fiber for adsorption or filtration. The hollow fiber contains a tubular matrix having a first end and a second end, and a winding channel formed through the tubular matrix and extending between the first end and the second end. The tubular matrix is porous and has a surface-area-to-volume ratio of 10 to 20000 m2 / m3, a thickness of 0.05 to 9.95 mm, an outside diameter of 0.1 to 10 mm, and a length 10 to 90% that of the winding channel. Also disclosed is a method of preparing this hollow fiber.

An alkylation catalyst comprises a metal oxide wherein the catalyst has a surface area to volume ratio of about 950 m2 / m3 to about 4000 m2 / m3.

There is disclosed an inkjet printhead integrated which comprises drive circuitry, a plurality of nozzles and one or more heater elements corresponding to each nozzle. Each heater element is configured to heat a bubble forming liquid in the printhead to a temperature above its boiling point to form a gas bubble therein. The generation of the bubble causes the ejection of a drop of an ejectable liquid (such as ink) through respective corresponding nozzle, to effect printing. Each heater element has a surface area to volume ratio greater than 4:1. This configuration ensures that heat is quickly transferred from the elements to the ink for efficient operation and minimal heating of the printhead substrate.

Composite foams are provided including a metal template and a conformal atomic-scale film disposed over such metal template to form a 3-dimensional interconnected structure. The metal template includes a plurality of sintered interconnects, having a plurality of first non-spherical pores, a first non-spherical porosity, and a first surface-area-to-volume ratio. The conformal atomic-scale film has a plurality of second non-spherical pores, a second non-spherical porosity, and a second surface-area-to-volume ratio approximately equal to the first surface-area-to-volume ratio. The plurality of sintered interconnects has a plurality of dendritic particles and the conformal atomic-scale film includes at least one of a layer of graphene and a layer of hexagonal boron nitride.

Pressure swing adsorption process for producing oxygen comprising (a) providing at least one adsorber vessel having a first layer of adsorbent adjacent the feed end of the vessel and a second layer of adsorbent adjacent the first layer, wherein the surface area to volume ratio of the first layer is in the range of about 5 to about 11 cm−1; (b) introducing a pressurized feed gas comprising at least oxygen, nitrogen, and water into the feed end, adsorbing at least a portion of the water in the adsorbent in the first layer, and adsorbing at least a portion of the nitrogen in the adsorbent in the second layer, wherein the superficial contact time of the pressurized feed gas in the first layer is between about 0.08 and about 0.50 sec; and (c) withdrawing a product gas enriched in oxygen from the product end of the adsorber vessel.

The invention discloses a runway type bioreactor applicable to sunshine factorization. The runway type bioreactor is used for cultivating isochrysis galbana, phacodactylum tricornutum, chaetoceros gracilis, chaetoceros mulleri and haematococcus pluvialis on a large scale and comprises a cultivating device body in the shape of a closed runway pond. A nutritive salt supplementing pipe and an injected water supplementing pipe are arranged on the side walls of the inside of the runway pond and are respectively connected with an automatic fed-batch nutritive salt supplementing device and a water treatment plant of a heat exchanger; two CO<2> gas supplementing pipes are respectively arranged on two sides of the inner bottom of the runway pond and are connected with CO<2> gas supplying devices, two screw pump mechanical propulsion devices are arranged at corners of the inside of the runway pond, a partition plate is arranged in the center of the inside of the runway pond, and buckles are respectively arranged on two outer sides of the runway pond. A stainless steel support is arranged at the outer bottom of the runway pond, and an LED lamp which is an auxiliary light source is arranged on the support; the runway pond is further provided with double-surface runway cleaning devices. The runway type bioreactor has the advantages that the illumination surface-area-to-volume ratio of algae liquid in the cultivation pond can be increased, accordingly, the illumination utilization rate of the bioreactor and the cultivation density can be increased, and the runway type bioreactor is favorable for improving the factorization micro-algae cultivation efficiency.

Novel nano-sized rare earth metal oxide prepared from aqueous reverse micelles is provided. The engineered nanoparticles have large surface area to volume ratios, and sufficient oxygen vacancies on the surface of each particle, so that when mixed with carbon-containing combustible fuels, the particles remain suspended indefinitely; there is a significant reduction in soot and other by-products of combustion, an increase in engine efficiency and less fuel consumed per mile traveled in various vehicles, such as, but not limited to, automobiles, defense vehicles, airplanes, ships and other surface or air-bearing vehicles.

Primary fermentation of grape must can be performed in rectangular vessels, such as conventional fruit picking bins, while providing a comparable surface area to volume ratio of toasted or plain oak to barrel fermentation. The oak or any other wood is provided in the form of planks that are supported in a stacked and spaced apart arrangement in a supporting frame that sits within the bin. The frame and oak can be removed together when sufficient oak flavor has been extracted or before pressing the juice from the must to complete secondary fermentation. The wood and or frame can also provide a means to submerse the cap that forms in primary fermentation.

The present disclosure provides a process for selectively producing a desired monoalkylated aromatic compound comprising the step of contacting in a reaction zone an alkylatable aromatic compound with an alkylating agent in the presence of catalyst comprising a porous crystalline material under at least partial liquid phase conditions, said catalyst manufactured from extrudate to comprise catalytic particulate material of from about 125 microns to about 790 microns in size, having an Effectiveness Factor increased from about 25% to about 750% from that of the original extrudate, and having an external surface area to volume ratio of greater than about 79 cm−1.

Nano-sized rare earth metal oxide particles are prepared from aqueous reverse micelles. The engineered nanoparticles have large surface area to volume ratios, and uniformly incorporate a surfactant in each particle, so that when applied to the inner surface of a pipeline or sprayed onto a fluid stream in a pipeline, the particles reduce the roughness of the inside surface of pipe being used to transport fluid. The application of a nanolayer of this novel nanoceria mixture causes a significant reduction in pressure drops, friction, and better recovery and yield of fluid flowing through a pipeline.

An osteoinductive / osteoconductive composition prepared from a quantity, of demineralized fibrous bone elements possessing an average surface area to volume ratio of about 100:1 to about 20:1, a quantity of mostly shaped regular non-fibrous bone elements possessing an average surface area to volume ratio of about 10:1 or less and a sufficient quantity of biocompatible fluid carrier sufficient to provide the composition as a deformable mass is provided herein. Also provided is a method of using the composition to repair a bone defect site.