The invention relates to an intelligent recognition system for small mammals (rats). The system comprises an automatic image acquisition system, an intelligent image recognition system and a real-time data transmission system, wherein after the automatic image acquisition system stores acquired images in a shooting mode in a storage module, the images are transmitted in real time to a computer server terminal via a network transmission system by a communication module of the automatic image acquisition system, the acquired images are recognized and matched via the intelligent image recognition system, captured small mammals (rats) are automatically sorted, and results are outputted. The system of the invention provides real-time and dynamic accurate data for a rat monitoring and rat harm prevention and control system, the traditional mode of direct capturing, manual recognition and classification and counting for a field ecological survey on the small mammals can be basically changed, invested huge manpower, material resources, and financial resources are further saved, and accuracy of survey data is further improved.