The invention discloses an element isotope analysis system and method based on laser-induced plasma. The system comprises an ablation laser light source, a detection laser light source, a mobile platform, a spectrum acquisition assembly, an optical fiber, a photodiode and an oscilloscope; after the pulse of the ablation laser light source acts on the sample, the surface of the sample is heated, evaporated and expanded, so that a small amount of substances are ejected out, a gaseous substance is formed above the sample, plasma is generated under the collision of free electrons and the subsequent action of the laser pulse, and after the plasma is subjected to 1-2 microseconds, when the plasma in the excited state jumps back to the ground state or the number of thelow-energy-level particlesreaches the maximum, at the moment, the detection laser light source emits a laser pulse, the specific wavelength part of the pulse is absorbed by the ground state or low-energy-level particles, and the intensity of the absorption peak can reflect the abundance of the specific isotope in the sample. The detection process is non-contact, the operation is simple, the process is controllable, and the analysis result is rapid and accurate.