The invention discloses a multi-target multi-pose parallel tracking system and method based on a liquid crystal spatial light modulator. The system comprises a coherent light source, a beam expander, a first reflection mirror, a shutter, a second reflection mirror, the spatial light modulator, a first convex lens, a beam splitter, a CCD camera, a third reflection mirror, a second convex lens, a camera, a working plane and a computer. According to the multi-target multi-pose parallel tracking system and method based on the liquid crystal spatial light modulator, real-time images of all targets are transmitted to the control computer through the camera, click operation is preformed through an infrared touch screen, Labview calculation is adopted, a GS algorithm is used, a hologram is worked out, then the hologram is loaded into the liquid crystal SLM, multiple light beams are generated, and the targets are hit flexibly. According to the multi-target multi-pose parallel tracking system and method, the liquid crystal SLM is convenient to operate and flexible to use; automatic light emitting and hitting are performed through Labview control, no manual light beam adjustment is needed, the number and positions of the light beams can be controlled flexibly, and the time is saved; and by the adoption of the spatial light modulator (SLM), the light beams can be generated, all the targets are hit at the same time, and the energy utilization rate of a laser is increased.