The invention discloses a method for quickly breaking the dormancy of barnyard grass seeds and improving the germination rate, wherein the method includes the following steps: putting ripe barnyard grass spikes into nylon mesh bags and gently patting to make the ripe seeds naturally fall into the mesh bags, placing the obtained barnyard grass seeds in the sun, drying in the sun, and then preserving the barnyard grass seeds in the environment of -20 DEG C-0 DEG C, to obtain barnyard grass seeds that break dormancy; placing the barnyard grass seeds in concentrated sulfuric acid, soaking, and rinsing with clear water, to obtain barnyard grass seeds with thin glume shells; and placing the obtained barnyard grass seeds in an artificial climate chamber, and accelerating germination. The method is simple, has strong operability, can quickly break seed dormancy, realizes seed germination in a short period of time, shortens the dormancy time of the barnyard grass seeds, only needs 3-5 days forgermination process, saves a lot of time, has high germination rate, can also make the barnyard grass seeds germinated neatly, has consistent germination time, is conducive to improving the efficiencyand accuracy of researches, and is suitable for indoor bioassay of malignant weed barnyard grass of farmlands in China, herbicide resistance testing and other fields.