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31 results about "Spinal anesthesia" patented technology

Spinal anaesthesia (or spinal anesthesia), also called spinal block, subarachnoid block, intradural block and intrathecal block, is a form of neuraxial regional anaesthesia involving the injection of a local anaesthetic or opioid into the subarachnoid space, generally through a fine needle, usually 9 cm (3.5 in) long. It is a safe and effective form of anesthesia performed by nurse anesthetists and anesthesiologists which can be used as an alternative to general anesthesia commonly in surgeries involving the lower extremities and surgeries below the umbilicus. The local anesthetic or opioid injected into the cerebrospinal fluid provides anesthesia, analgesia, and motor and sensory blockade. The tip of the spinal needle has a point or small bevel. Recently, pencil point needles have been made available (Whitacre, Sprotte, Gertie Marx and others).

Intelligent spinal anesthesia puncture robot system

The invention relates to an intelligent spinal anesthesia puncture robot system, which is characterized by comprising two parts, namely a robot main body and an image processing system, wherein the robot main body and the image processing system are in data communication by virtue of a wireless network; the robot main body is provided with an executing module, a control module, a pressure sensor module, an A / D conversion (analog-to-digital conversion) unit and a motor driving module; and the image processing system comprises a PC (personal computer), a calibration module and a binocular vision system. By virtue of an image processing technology, route planning for preoperative puncture is achieved by the system; preoperative puncture actions are implemented by virtue of a robot automatic control technology; axial stress of a puncture needle adopted in the puncture is detected and collected in real time by virtue of the integrated pressure sensor module, so that the whole course of the puncture process is monitored and possible accidents caused by manual puncture are effectively avoided; and the entire system is simple in structure and logics and is high in reliability.
Owner:何滨

Carbetocin pharmaceutical composition and preparation method thereof

The invention relates to a stable pharmaceutical composition containing carbetocin, and a preparation method thereof. The stable pharmaceutical composition containing carbetocin contains carbetocin, a pH regulator, an isoosmotic regulator and pharmaceutically acceptable auxiliary materials. The composition is used for preventing uterine atony and postpartum hemorrhage after selective epidural or spinal anesthesia cesarean section. The pharmaceutical composition mainly exists in a liquid form and is used through parenteral administration forms, mainly injection and nasal spray.
Owner:HYBIO PHARMA

Device and method for assessing the level of consciousness, pain and nociception during wakefulness, sedation and general anaesthesia

The present invention disclosed a device and method for assessing in real time the hypnotic and analgesic effect in a subject during wakefulness, sedation and general anaesthesia via drug interactions and physiological signals. In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the analgesic and hypnotic effect of drug(s) infused in a subject could be accurately assessed in real time through the device and method disclosed in the present invention, comprising steps of receiving data from electroencephalography (EEG) device, receiving data from brain impedance tomography device, obtaining pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic parameters of drug(s) infused in the subject, defining initial indices of consciousness and nociception as a function of said EEG and brain impedance tomography data, and generating output of final indices of consciousness and nociception in real time from processing input of EEG, brain tomography and drug interaction data using established mathematical manipulation.
Owner:QUANTIUM MEDICAL

Spinal anesthesia postoperative auxiliary rehabilitation device

The invention discloses a spinal anesthesia postoperative auxiliary rehabilitation device. The spinal anesthesia postoperative auxiliary rehabilitation device comprises an upper connecting portion, afirst elastic portion, a middle connecting portion, a second elastic portion and a lower connecting portion, wherein a shoulder supporting beam with a shoulder bandage is fixed on the upper connectingportion; an abdomen supporting beam with an abdomen bandage is arranged at the middle connecting portion; a waist supporting beam is fixed on the lower connecting portion; a body side portion of thewaist supporting beam is a hook portion while the front portion of the waist supporting beam is an inclined bent waist portion; and the supporting beam is an elastic beam body. The device has a wearable structure, is small in size and portable, and can be used at any time in any places; the device has a multi-point stabilizing effect on the spine of a patient in a vertical direction, the bending range of the spine of the patient is limited, the curvature of the spine of the patient is reduced, and recovery of the spine and other wounds is facilitated; and moreover, the elasticity of the elastic portion of the device can be adjusted, the movement range of the spine of the patient can be controlled by himself, the spine can be protected, furthermore, the amount of exercising can be adjustedto adapt to different rehabilitation periods, and high-quality body recovery is facilitated.
Owner:常州朝旭企业服务有限公司

Parenteral and topical compositions for pain

InactiveUS20180000804A1Inorganic non-active ingredientsAnaestheticsAdrenergic receptor agonistsN-methyl-D-aspartate Receptor Antagonists
This invention provides compositions, kits containing compositions, and methods for their use in treating subjects with pain. Instant compositions comprise two or more long acting aminoamide local anesthetics, at least one NSAID, at least one corticosteroid, at least one alpha-2 (α2) adrenergic receptor agonist, at least one N-methyl-D aspartate receptor antagonist, and optionally, epinephrine. Instant compositions are useful for infiltration anesthesia, field block anesthesia, regional anesthesia, peripheral nerve block, plexus anesthesia, epidural (or extradural) anesthesia, spinal anesthesia, local anesthesia, and transincision catheter anesthesia. The instant compositions have one or more superior properties of analgesia, duration of analgesia, safety, narcotic sparing, and motor sparing properties.
Owner:BERKHEIMER DAVID

Chinese traditional medicine plaster special for local anaesthesia and analgesia and preparation method of plaster

The invention discloses a Chinese traditional medicine plaster special for local anaesthesia and analgesia and a preparation method of the plaster, and belongs to the field of Chinese traditional medicines. The effective component of the Chinese traditional medicine plaster comprises the following raw materials: common cyanotis root, plant soot, radix dipsaci, chinaroot greenbrier leaves, radix sanguisorbae, eriolaena spectabilis, rhizoma polygoni paleacei, pummelo flower, capparis acutifolia, lycium chinensis, paris polyphylla, Chinese starjasmine stem, Japanese saussurea herb, honeycombs, redbark cinchona bark and cuneateleaf meliosma root-bark. The Chinese traditional medicine plaster disclosed by the invention achieves the suitability for selected medicinal material compatibility, accords with the traditional Chinese medicine and pharmacy theory and the modern medicine and pharmacology theory, has the effects of anaesthesia, analgesia, spasmolysis and convulsions stoppage, is suitable for the local anaesthesia and the skin surface anaesthesia, plays an antibody clone role and is convenient to use, safe, reliable, good in anaesthesia effect and worthy of clinically and widely popularizing and applying without any toxic side effect.
Owner:王义红

Infra-obturator tension transfer device

InactiveCN102438547APrevent urinary incontinencePrevent accidental urinary incontinenceUrethraeObstetrical instrumentsHuman bodyRetzius space
Disclosed is a tension delivery device for preventing urinary incontinence, which includes: Retzius space-insertion portions which are respectively to be inserted into the Retzius spaces positioned on the left side and right side of the urethra and move in response to the pressure or the Retzius spaces; and a urethral support portion which extends convergently from the Retzius space-insertion portions and serves to support the urethra upward, wherein the lateral cross section of the urethral support portion becomes thinner from Retzius space-insertion portions toward the distal end, and a mesh structure may be provided along the outer surface of the tension transfer device. When the tension transfer device is inserted into the human body, the urethral support portion presses the urethra upward due to an increase in pressure of the Retzius spaces, while the mesh structure provided along the outer surface of the device usually induces the tension of the muscles around the urethra, thereby inhibiting involuntary urinary incontinence caused by muscular relaxation. Even when a urinary incontinence patient exercises, sneezes or coughs to increase the abdominal pressure instantaneously, the device can sufficiently inhibit urinary incontinence. Furthermore, the device does not require a guide needle holder that causes damage, and is minimally invasive so that damage associated with an invasive method can be reduced. Also, the device eliminates the need for spinal anesthesia or sedative anesthesia and does not cause discomfort that can occur when excessive local anesthesia is performed. In addition, it can be easily corrected in a non-invasive manner when the therapeutic effect thereof is insufficient. Furthermore, it is easily removed so that it makes it possible to perform surgery again using other methods when the therapeutic effect thereof is insufficient.
Owner:IOT SOUTH KOREA

Catheter holder for filtering medical fluids

Disclosed herein is a catheter holder for filtering medical fluids, comprising a housing with a filter compartment where a filtering sheet is located. Fluid is distributed before passing through the filtering sheet. The catheter holder also has a connector where a medical fluid management device is received. There also exists a connecting chamber where a catheter is retained. The connector, filter compartment and the catheter connecting chamber are in fluid communication. The catheter holder includes an actuator that has “open” and “closed” positions. The actuator is connected to a compression member, which contacts a setscrew. Each time the actuator is moved towards the closed position, the compression member deforms the setscrew, thereby retaining the catheter. The device is preferably used in epidural or spinal anesthesia procedures.
Owner:VELEZ RIVERA HECTOR DE JES S

General anaesthesia device

The invention relates to a general anaesthesia device and belongs to the technical field of medical instruments. The general anaesthesia device comprises an anaesthesia bed body and a master control platform. The general anaesthesia device is characterized in that a soft cushion is arranged on the upper side of the anaesthesia bed body, a cushion head platform movable shaft fixing device is arranged on the right side of the soft cushion, a cushion head platform movable shaft is arranged on the cushion head platform movable shaft fixing device, a cushion head platform is arranged on the right side of the cushion head platform movable shaft, a flexible spring is arranged on the right side of the cushion head platform, a cushion head platform fixing clamping groove is formed in the right side of the cushion head platform, a clamping groove needle is arranged on the cushion head platform fixing clamping groove, a heart rate detector connecting base is arranged on the back side of the anaesthesia bed body, a heart rate detector connecting line is arranged on the upper side of the heart rate detector connecting base, a heart rate detector is arranged on the heart rate detector connecting line, and an anaesthesia apparatus support is arranged on the back side of the cushion head platform. The general anaesthesia device has multiple functions and is convenient to use, operation is flexible during general anaesthesia, general anaesthesia can be effectively conducted, the life safety of a patient can be guaranteed, and the workload of medical staff is relieved.
Owner:韩冰

Medicine for local anaesthesia and preparation method of medicine

The invention discloses a medicine for local anaesthesia and a preparation method of the medicine. The medicine comprises the following raw material medicines: Chinese angelica, cinnamon, pepper, fresh ginger, Schizonepeta, divaricate saposhnikovia root, clove, dried tangerine or orange peel, cyperus rotundus, sensitive plant, rhizoma nardostachyos, persimmon calyx, mint, radix bupleuri, henbane leaf, radix gentianae, coptis chinensis, semen strychni, patrinia, purslane, humifuse euphorbia herb, oldenlandia diffusa, root of rehmannia, sweet wormwood, cortex lycii radicis, pseudo-ginseng, rubia cordifolia, Loropetalum chinense, trogopterus dung and corydalis tuber. The medicine has the beneficial effects that the medicine has the advantages of wide clinical application safety range, zero toxic or side effect and good pain and blood stopping effects by utilizing the theory of traditional Chinese medicine, injection is not needed during use, only the medicine is needed to be dripped or smeared to an affected part needed to be operated for several times, and when the local tissue is found not to have a sense of pain, the operation can be carried out. The feared state of mind of a patient can be effectively eliminated, the feeling of the patient can be rapidly restored after the operation, and postoperative adverse reactions are reduced.
Owner:王永

Local anaesthesia apparatus used for anesthesiology department

The invention discloses a local anaesthesia apparatus used for the anesthesiology department. The apparatus comprises a fixing seat and a support seat. Two sliding rods are symmetrically installed between the fixing seat and the support seat. Additionally, a screw rod is installed between the fixing seat and the support seat through a rolling bearing. The screw rod is located between the two sliding rods. Additionally, one end of the screw rod extends to the outside of the side surface, away from the support seat, of the fixing seat and is fixedly connected with one end of a rocking handle. The two sliding rods and the screw rod are equipped with a support block moving along the sliding rods in a sleeved manner. A mist-spray anaesthesia part is fixedly installed at the upper part of the support block. The middle at the top of the support seat is equipped with a groove. Feet of a patient are convenient to expose. The patient does not feel numb when being moved. The mist-spray anaesthesia part exerts good anaesthesia effect upon the feet of the patient. Compared with a conventional mode of infiltrated anaesthesia, the mist-spray anaesthesia mode can save a large quantity of anesthetics. The cost of local anaesthesia is effectively reduced. Accordingly, the local anaesthesia apparatus is worth popularization and promotion.
Owner:THE SECOND PEOPLES HOSPITAL OF NANTONG

Cerebrospinal fluid detection apparatus for intraspinal anesthesia

The invention belongs to the field of medical treatment, and particularly relates to a cerebrospinal fluid detection apparatus for intraspinal anesthesia. The cerebrospinal fluid detection apparatus comprises an apparatus body, a liquid inlet end and a ventilation drug injecting end is arranged on the apparatus end, a reagent detection chamber is arranged in the apparatus body, the liquid inlet end and the reagent detection chamber are intercommunicated through a dripping hole, a ventilation hole and the reagent detection chamber are intercommunicated through an air guide hole, a first one-way valve is used for sealing the air guide hole is arranged in the air guide hole, and a second one-way valve used for sealing the dripping hole is arranged in the dripping hole. Since cerebrospinal fluid and test paper have chemical reaction, the cerebrospinal fluid contacting with the test paper can be prevented from flowing into a spinal-anesthesia puncture needle by the aid of design of the dripping hole and the valves, and safe implementation of combined spinal epidural anesthesia is guaranteed; the apparatus is no need to be taken off in injection of local anesthetic drugs by the design of the valves, displacement of the spinal-anesthesia puncture needle is avoided to a certain degree, and convenience, efficiency and safety in anesthesia operation are guaranteed.
Owner:THE WEST CHINA SECOND UNIV HOSPITAL OF SICHUAN

Puncture needle for combined spinal-epidural anesthesia

InactiveCN103263287AEasy to operateHigh precisionGuide needlesSurgical needlesSpinal anesthesiaCombined spinal/epidural block
The invention discloses a puncture needle for combined spinal-epidural anesthesia. The puncture needle comprises an epidural puncture needle seat and a spinal anesthesia puncture needle seat, wherein the epidural puncture needle seat is provided with an epidural puncture needle, an epidural anesthesia guide pipe cavity is arranged in the epidural puncture needle, an arc-shaped bent needle opening is formed in a needle tip of the epidural puncture needle, a groove used for penetration of a spinal anesthesia puncture needle is formed on one side, opposite to the arc-shaped bent needle opening, of the outer surface of the epidural puncture needle, an angle is formed between the spinal anesthesia puncture needle seat and the epidural anesthesia puncture needle, and a lower opening of the spinal anesthesia puncture needle seat corresponds to the groove. By the means, the puncture needle for the combined spinal-epidural anesthesia has the advantages of convenience in operation, high precision and safety and small wound.
Owner:江苏省华星医疗器械实业有限公司

Traditional Chinese medicine composition for treating headache after spinal anesthesia

The invention belongs to the technical field of medicine and discloses a traditional Chinese medicine composition for treating the headache after spinal anesthesia. The traditional Chinese medicine composition is prepared from the following traditional Chinese medicinal materials: radix pseudostellariae, dried rehamnnia root, asparagus fern, radix ophiopogonis, corydalis tuber, spina date seed, raw malt, stiff silkworm and elecampane. The clinical experiment shows that the traditional Chinese medicine composition is strong in synergistic effect, small in dosage, and high in effective rate, short in course of treatment and free of toxic side effect. Besides the traditional Chinese medicine composition is simple in process and suitable for clinical popularization.
Owner:苏州果汁网信息科技有限公司

Built-in endotracheal catheter laryngeal mask united ventilatory device for general anaesthesia

The invention discloses a built-in endotracheal catheter laryngeal mask united ventilatory device for general anaesthesia, and belongs to the field of medical apparatuses. The built-in endotracheal catheter laryngeal mask united ventilatory device comprises an outer catheter, wherein a laryngeal mask sac is fixedly arranged on the catheter wall on one side of the outer catheter; the catheter end on one side of the outer catheter is fixed on the inner wall of a plane of the laryngeal mask sac; an air guiding pipe is fixedly arranged on the side wall of a curved surface of the laryngeal mask sac; an air sac is arranged at the end of the air guiding pipe; a one-way air inlet valve is fixedly arranged on the outer wall of the air sac; a control valve is fixedly arranged at one end close to theair sac, of the air guiding pipe; a rubber tightening hole is fixedly formed in the side wall of the plane of the laryngeal mask sac; a swivel sleeve is fixedly arranged at the catheter end on the other side of the outer catheter; and an endotracheal catheter and a phlegm eliminating catheter are arranged in an inner cavity of the outer catheter. According to the built-in endotracheal catheter laryngeal mask united ventilatory device disclosed by the invention, the situation that a great deal of phlegm can block support gas to enter the body of a patient is avoided, ventilatory disorder is reduced, and the ventilatory effect is improved; and besides, the endotracheal catheter or the phlegm eliminating catheter can be expanded and contracted into the laryngeal mask sac, so that the problemof laryngeal mask displacement generated when the patient is under different body positions or the body position is changed in the surgery is solved, and the practicality of the built-in endotrachealcatheter laryngeal mask united ventilatory device is improved.

Device and method for monitoring the success of spinal anesthesia

A device for the monitoring of the success of spinal anesthesia withat least one electronic temperature sensor for measuring the skin surface temperature within at least one dermatome of a patient,an electronic evaluation device, which is connected with the at least one temperature sensor and is designed such that it monitors the measurement signal delivered by the at least one temperature sensor to determine whether the skin surface temperature increases by approximately 2 to 3° C., anda display device that displays the result of the evaluation by the electronic evaluation device optically and / or acoustically.
Owner:PENNO ANDREAS DR

Micro-pain local anaesthesia dosing device

The invention belongs to the technical field of medical equipment, and particularly relates to a micro-pain local anaesthesia dosing device. The scheme is provided to solve the problems that a local anaesthesia dosing device is simple in structure, monotonous in function and inconvenient to use. The device comprises a base, rectangular openings are formed in the two sides of the outer wall of thetop of the base, and two first hydraulic cylinders are fixed to the two sides of the outer wall of the top of the base through screws; the outer walls of the tops of the two first hydraulic cylindersare fixedly provided with the same connecting base through screws, universal wheels are fixed to the two sides of the outer wall of the bottom of the connecting base through screws, and four second hydraulic cylinders are fixed to the outer wall of the top of the base through bolts; the outer walls of the tops of the four second hydraulic cylinders are fixedly provided with the same fixing plate through screws. According to the device, the moving effect of equipment is improved, the equipment can freely move, the requirements of emergency rescue can be met, anesthetic drugs and anesthetic needles can be placed, and the use portability of the equipment is improved.
Owner:程淼

Traditional Chinese and western medicine compound drug for treating adverse reaction after intrathecal anesthesia and preparation method

The invention discloses a Chinese-Western compound medicine for treating adverse reactions after intraspinal anesthesia and a preparation method thereof, which belong to the technical field of medicine; the raw materials of the medicine composition of the invention are composed of herbal medicine, reed seeds, big-leaved osmanthus, dixiantao, Perilla leaves, fresh berberine, tortoise flower, rose, notopterygium, fenugreek, ginseng, winter jasmine, water chestnut, bindweed, arborvitae leaf, dogtail, codeine, promomate and carbasalate calcium; The medicine of the present invention adopts the treatment method of the combination of traditional Chinese medicine and western medicine to be better than the general treatment effect of simply using traditional Chinese medicine and western medicine. Based on the principle of treatment, it can maximize the efficacy of traditional Chinese medicine ingredients and western medicine, play a complementary and enhancing role, improve the medicinal effect, and have a good therapeutic effect on symptoms such as chills, irritability, nausea and vomiting, and cough caused by spinal anesthesia.
Owner:张翠环

Medicine composition for treating headache caused after spinal anesthesia

The invention belongs to the technical field of medicine and relates to a medicine composition for treating a headache caused after spinal anesthesia. The medicine composition is prepared from ginseng, Chinese magnoliavine fruits, prepared rehmannia roots, rhizoma polygonatum, roots of straight ladybell, rhizoma chuanxiong, radix angelica sinensis, cortex lycii radicis and radix angelicae dahuricae. All the medicine materials are jointly used and achieve the effects of nourishing yin to promote the secretion of saliva or body fluid, invigorating qi and blood, and dispelling wind and removing obstruction in the meridians, the cerebrospinal fluid and brain pressure are restored to normal, and the purpose of treating a headache is achieved.
Owner:唐国萍

Traditional Chinese medicine composition for treating headaches after spinal anesthesia

The invention relates to traditional Chinese medicine composition for treating headaches after spinal anesthesia. The traditional Chinese medicine composition is prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight: 18-25 parts of shrubby breynia, 20-28 parts of actaea roots, 15-20 parts of nothopanax delavayi, 10-16 parts of roots of griffith streptocaulon, 20-30 parts of garden euphorbia herbs and 15-20 parts of desmodium triflorum. The invention further discloses a preparation method. The traditional Chinese medicine composition can treat the headaches after spinal anesthesia.
Owner:孙爱华

Infra-obturator tension transfer device

InactiveCN102438547BPrevent urinary incontinencePrevent accidental urinary incontinenceUrethraeObstetrical instrumentsHuman bodyRetzius space
Disclosed is a tension delivery device for preventing urinary incontinence, which includes: Retzius space-insertion portions which are respectively to be inserted into the Retzius spaces positioned on the left side and right side of the urethra and move in response to the pressure or the Retzius spaces; and a urethral support portion which extends convergently from the Retzius space-insertion portions and serves to support the urethra upward, wherein the lateral cross section of the urethral support portion becomes thinner from Retzius space-insertion portions toward the distal end, and a mesh structure may be provided along the outer surface of the tension transfer device. When the tension transfer device is inserted into the human body, the urethral support portion presses the urethra upward due to an increase in pressure of the Retzius spaces, while the mesh structure provided along the outer surface of the device usually induces the tension of the muscles around the urethra, thereby inhibiting involuntary urinary incontinence caused by muscular relaxation. Even when a urinary incontinence patient exercises, sneezes or coughs to increase the abdominal pressure instantaneously, the device can sufficiently inhibit urinary incontinence. Furthermore, the device does not require a guide needle holder that causes damage, and is minimally invasive so that damage associated with an invasive method can be reduced. Also, the device eliminates the need for spinal anesthesia or sedative anesthesia and does not cause discomfort that can occur when excessive local anesthesia is performed. In addition, it can be easily corrected in a non-invasive manner when the therapeutic effect thereof is insufficient. Furthermore, it is easily removed so that it makes it possible to perform surgery again using other methods when the therapeutic effect thereof is insufficient.
Owner:IOT SOUTH KOREA

Puncture needle

The invention provides a puncture needle. The puncture needle is characterized by comprising a puncture needle body, a needle body which contains a needle tip puncturing the skin of a human body and extends from the needle tip and an anesthetic layer which is at least applied to the needle tip. When the needle tip of the puncture needle makes contact with the skin of the human body, the anestheticlayer can release anesthetics to conduct local anaesthesia on the punctured portion of the human body; in this way, pain of the human body in the puncturing process can be reduced, and meanwhile theoperation pressure of medical staff can be lowered.
Owner:SHANGHAI CHANGHAI HOSPITAL

Pillow special for operative anesthesia

The invention relates to a pillow special for operative anesthesia. The pillow comprises a pillow inner which comprises a neck cushion pillow and a head cushion pillow. The neck cushion pillow is higher than the head cushion pillow. The pillow special for operative anesthesia further comprises a pillow sleeve arranged outside the pillow inner in a sleeving mode. The pillow sleeve is provided with a long-strip-shaped replacement port and a pillow inner cushion block increasing port. The pillow special for operative anesthesia guarantees that the head and the body of a patient are basically kept horizontal and pillowing comfort of the pillow, the headache risk is not increased after operative anesthesia, and particularly a headache caused by cerebrospinal fluid exudation after spinal anesthesia is not increased.
Owner:刘振宇

Combined spinal-epidural anesthesia puncture needle

The invention discloses a combined spinal-epidural anesthesia puncture needle, comprising a puncture needle tube (1), an epidural anesthesia canal and a spinal anesthesia puncture needle, characterized in that the puncture needle tube (1) is provided with an epidural anesthesia canal introducing tube cavity (2) in the middle, a spinal anesthesia puncture needle introducing tube cavity (3) in the rear. According to the invention, the combined spinal-epidural anesthesia puncture needle tube is punctured in the spinal space, and the epidural anesthesia canal introduced in the epidural anesthesia canal introducing tube cavity is introduced in the epidural cavity, when the epidural anesthesia canal is in the right position, the spinal anesthesia canal introduced in the spinal anesthesia puncture needle introducing tube cavity is punctured in the spinal-epidural subarachnoid space to administrate anesthetics for the smooth operation.
Owner:韩乐强
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