The invention discloses a mine tunneling robot environment monitoring device. The device is composed of a current excitation source, a telescopic protection cylinder, an electric rotating device, auxiliary cutting teeth, a cutting head entity, a transmission shaft, an optical fiber ring protection shell, an optical fiber ring, an optical fiber current sensor control unit and a recycling electrode. According to the device, auxiliary current Ie and monitoring current Id are emitted into the coal seam, the auxiliary current Ie extrudes the monitoring current Id due to the fact that the auxiliary current Ie and the monitoring current Id are homologous currents and are incompatible, and the monitoring current Id is gathered to conduct environment monitoring on the front coal seam. A part of current emitted by a cutting head entity flows into a coal seam as monitoring current Id, a part of current flows through a transmission shaft and a telescopic part of the heading machine as backflow current If, the backflow current If is measured by an optical fiber ring, when the heading machine advances forwards and encounters abnormal geologic bodies such as water inrush and mud inrush, namely, the resistance of the coal seam is changed, the measured backflow current If can change, and the monitoring current Id and the backflow current If are monitored. Therefore, the front geological condition can be detected in real time.