The invention relates to coal-rock interface recognition technology in unmanned mining of thin coal seams, in particular to an ultra-wideband chaotic radar based coal-rock interface recognition device for thin coal seams. The ultra-wideband chaotic radar based coal-rock interface recognition device for the thin coal seams comprises a transmitter, transmitting and receiving antennas, a two-channel receiver, a data acquisition module, a signal processing module, a communication module and an intrinsic safety power source. The transmitter comprises an ultra-wideband chaotic signal generator, a first band-pass filter, a first power divider and a power amplifier. The transmitting and receiving antennas include a transmitting antenna and a receiving antenna. The two-channel receiver comprises a second band-pass filter, a third band-pass filter, a low-noise amplifier, an IQ demodulator and an intrinsic signal generator. The ultra-wideband chaotic radar based coal-rock interface recognition device for the thin coal seams is applicable to unmanned mining of the thin coal seams and solves the problems of limited application range, poor utilization safety, low measurement precision, low resolution, poor anti-jamming capability and poor electromagnetic compatibility of existing coal-rock interface recognition devices.