The invention provides a locomotive traction calculation model calibration method based on actual operation data. The locomotive traction calculation model calibration method is based on sequences such as manipulation gears, running speed and the like which are offline obtained from locomotive running original data, a locomotive traction calculation model is constructed by a reverse fitting method, and the accuracy of the model is verified via a forward direction verification mode. During constructing the locomotive traction calculation model, firstly, the locomotive traction and braking force are obtained based on locomotive log records, afterwards, converted resistance is obtained according to LKJ basic data or circuit constructing data, on the basis, then corresponding sequences between speed and force are obtained according to a prediction equation, and then a locomotive traction calculation model is obtained by a fitting mode. The locomotive traction calculation model of the invention, based on the actual operation data fitting, can better adapt to onsite complex circuit environment, reduces the statistical error and combines reverse fitting with forward direction verification, thereby being able to better guarantee the adaptability and accuracy of the model.