The invention belongs to the field of ice-breaking ships, in particular to an adaptive ice-breaking device for ships. The device comprises a base, a reserve box, a crankshaft, an electric motor, a controller, a conveyor belt, a speed reducer, an electromagnetic clutch, a connecting rod, a slider vibration exciting rod, small and large electromagnets, a return spring, a stop pin, an electric motorcontroller and the like; One end of the crankshaft is connected with the output shaft of the speed reducer through an electromagnetic clutch to transmit torque, and the other end is connected with theconnecting rod through a rotating pair; The slider vibration exciting rod and the connecting rod are connected through a ball hinge, and the slider vibration exciting rod and the slider rail are connected through a ball to realize the guidance and reduce the friction; The slide rail has four arc-shaped grooves, the ball is located in the arc-shaped groove, and the slide rail is fixed on the base.The controller selects the rotational speed of the motor according to the natural frequency fn of the sea ice, so that the frequency f1 of the exciting force exerted by the vibration hammer on the ice is equal to the natural frequency fn of the ice, so as to realize the resonant ice breaking. The invention is based on the resonance principle, and has the advantages of low cost-effectiveness ratio, strong adaptability and high ice breaking efficiency.