The invention discloses a safety anti-falling device for steel structure engineering construction. The safety anti-falling device comprises a top plate, stand columns are connected to the two sides of the top plate, a speed sensor is mounted in the top plate, a traction motor is connected to the top of the top plate, the power output end of the traction motor is connected with a steel wire rope, the steel wire rope is connected with a hanging plate, guide sleeves are connected to the two sides of the hanging plate, transmission teeth are connected into the guide sleeves, the transmission teeth are in engaged connection with racks, mounting cavities are formed in the two sides of the hanging plate, rotating shafts are connected into the mounting cavities, the two sides of the rotating shafts penetrate through the hanging plate and the guide sleeves and are connected with the transmission teeth, anti-falling wheels are connected to the two sides of the rotating shafts, anti-falling clamping jaws are connected to the upper sides and the lower sides of the anti-falling wheels, hydraulic oil cylinders are connected to the anti-falling clamping jaws on the upper sides and the lower sides, the stand columns on the two sides are provided with anti-falling grooves, first electric air cylinders are mounted in the stand columns, the power output ends of the first electric air cylinders are connected with drawing rods, the drawing rods are hinged to a plurality of anti-falling clamping teeth, the two sides of the hanging plate are connected with anti-falling guide seats, and the anti-falling guide seats are connected with ratchet wheel clamping teeth.