The invention discloses a method for preparing a novel polyurethane surface sizing agent. Diisocyanate and polyglycol are first uniformly blended and then added with a moderate amount of catalyst to react, so that polyurethane prepolymer is obtained; hydrophilic chain extender is then added to react with the polyurethane prepolymer; the temperature is reduced, organic base is added to regulate to the pH value, deionized water is added under high-speed shearing, and after emulsification, polyurethane emulsion is obtained; and the temperature is increased, vinyl monomer is added in the polyurethane emulsion, and initiator is used to initiate polymerization, so that the modified aqueous polyurethane emulsion surface sizing agent is prepared. The invention can completely eliminate the adverse affection of small-molecular emulsifier and organic solvent on the application performance of sizing agent product and environment protection, and replaces internal sizing.