33results about How to "Control force" patented technology

The invention relates to a lead screw guide rail reliability testing stand based on electro-hydraulic servo loading. The lead screw guide rail reliability testing stand comprises a lead screw guide rail part, a load applying part, and an automatic control part. The lead screw guide rail part comprises an upper sliding saddle, a lower sliding saddle, and a lead screw nut pair. Guide rails, which are cooperated with each other, are disposed between the upper sliding saddle and the lower sliding saddle. The upper sliding saddle is provided with a grinding wheel force bearing simulation device, and the lower sliding saddle is fixedly disposed on horizon iron by T-shaped screw threads. The lead screw nut pair is constituted by a lead screw nut and a lead screw, which are in a threaded cooperation. A lead screw is connected with a servo motor by a coupling. The load applying part comprises a base, which is fixedly connected with the horizon iron. The base is provided with a direction adjusting mechanism, and the upper surface of the direction adjusting mechanism is fixedly connected with a left support and a right support by supporting plates. A rotating shaft is fixedly connected between the left support and the right support, and is connected with an electro-hydraulic servo loading device. The automatic control part is connected with the lead screw guide rail part and the load applying part in a communicated manner.

The invention relates to a rail collecting device and a method of a seamless track quick track switching operating vehicle. The device comprises a group of at least five rail clamping devices which are arranged below a vehicle body at intervals along the travel direction of the vehicle body, wherein, each rail clamping device is provided with a positioning assembly with the same structure and at least comprises a rail clamping device I, a rail clamping device II, a rail clamping device III, a rail clamping device IV and a rail clamping device V which have the clamping assemblies with different structures; the rail clamping device I and the rail clamping device II are rolling rail clamping devices, and the rail clamping device III, the rail clamping device IV and the rail clamping device V are sliding clamping devices. The method thereof can change the combination of the rail clamping devices according to the used rail placing position. In the operation process, each rail clamping device clamps the rail by sections so as to effectively control acting force due to short rail switching distance as well as big displacement and deformation of a new rail and a used rail, thus realizing that the rail is switched within 50 meters.

The invention relates to a rotary push-assisting type packaging bottle which is characterized in that a threaded rod (5) is disposed in a bottle body (1), a retaining plate (6) is disposed on the threaded rod (5), a push plate (10) is sleeved on the threaded rod (5), a circular hole (11) is formed in the push plate (10), threads (12) matched with the threaded rod (5) are formed in the circular hole (11), when the threaded rod (5) is rotated, the push plate (10) can move forwards and backwards, a bottle bottom (4) is fixed with the bottle body (1), a circular shaft (7) of the threaded rod (5) is inserted into a shaft hole (13) of the bottle bottom (4), a rotary sleeve (14) is sleeved outside the bottle bottom (4), the rotary sleeve (14) is fixed with the threaded rod (5), and the rotary sleeve (14) can drive the threaded rod (5) to rotate. The rotary push-assisting type packaging bottle has the advantages that use amount can be accurately controlled to achieve economy; the threaded rod is slow and even in stress during rotation, force magnitude can be well controlled during use, overflow amount can be controlled, and excessive taking caused by excessive stress can be avoided; the rotary push-assisting type packaging bottle is pollution-free due to overall full seal.

The invention relates to a connector pin shrinkage detection device which comprises an upper computer; a three-dimensional moving mechanism electrically connected with the upper computer; a pin shrinkage detection mechanism connected with the three-dimensional moving mechanism; a clamping mechanism arranged on one side of the pin shrinkage detection mechanism; and a visual positioning mechanism arranged relative to the clamping mechanism and electrically connected with the upper computer and used for detecting the position of each contact pin in the connector. The pin shrinkage detection mechanism comprises a pin detection probe, a driving mechanism used for driving the pin detection probe to apply force, a pressure sensor connected between the driving end of the driving mechanism and thepin detection probe, and a displacement detection mechanism used for detecting the retraction distance of a pin. The driving mechanism, the pressure sensor and the displacement detection mechanism areelectrically connected with the upper computer. The invention also relates to a connector pin shrinkage detection method. According to the connector pin shrinkage detection device and method, the magnitude of the acting force acting on the contact pin can be obtained in real time, the acting force on the contact pin can be controlled more accurately, and the accuracy of the detection result is improved.

The roller inclination control device mainly includes a roller, an inclination control mechanism and a driving cylinder. The roller is installed on the inclination control mechanism, and the roller supports the material belt. On the bracket at the top of the tilt control mechanism, the bracket is installed upright on the upper surface of the tilt control structure and fixed, and the movable end of the tilt control mechanism is fixedly connected with the piston rod of the driving cylinder; the tilt control mechanism includes The upper panel and the lower base plate, the position of the lower base plate is fixed, and the upper panel is a movable plate; the piston rod of the driving cylinder is connected to the side of the upper panel. Through the roller inclination control device designed above, the piston rod of the driving cylinder can drive the upper panel to move left and right. During the movement of the upper panel, the upper panel will deflect in the horizontal direction driven by the two hinged support plates. , and then control the force of the tape on the roller, and finally adjust the position of the tape on the roller.

The invention relates to a thickness measurement device which is used for measuring the thickness of a workpiece. The thickness measurement device comprises a base, a vertical seat, a measurement block, and a measurement mechanism. The base is of a flat plate-shaped structure, and used for placing the workpiece. The vertical seat is arranged on the base and equipped with a guide rail which is perpendicular to a panel where the base is arranged. The measurement block is of a plate-shaped structure. The measurement block and the base are arranged in a directly facing manner and are used for clamping the workpiece. The measurement block is connected with the guide rail and can slide along the guide rail. The measurement mechanism is fixed on the vertical seat and comprises a measurement rod and a display disc. The measurement rod is linked with the measurement block. The axis of the measurement rod is parallel to the relative sliding direction of the measurement block to the guide rail. According to the invention, rapid measurement of the thickness of the workpiece can be achieved; the measurement precision is quite high; and the thickness measurement device can be used for judging whether the thickness of the workpiece meets requirements and sorting workpieces with unqualified thicknesses.

The invention discloses a pressure accessory design method and system, an appliance forming method and a storage medium. The method comprises the following steps: acquiring an initial digital tooth jaw model; obtaining a target digital appliance model containing a pressure accessory; wearing the target digital appliance model on the initial digital tooth jaw model, wherein the pressure accessory applies force to teeth to be corrected; calculating at least one of the resultant moment, the low pressure force and the deformation of the target digital appliance model borne by a to-be-corrected teeth; and judging whether the pressure accessory is qualified according to a calculation result. The design of the pressure accessory can be guided and optimized through simulation of a computer, and the force application condition of the finally-formed dental orthodontic appliance on actual teeth to be corrected can be effectively controlled.

The invention discloses a screen detection device and method. The screen detection device comprises a buffer sleeve, a sliding assembly, a transmission assembly and a first spring, wherein the buffer sleeve comprises an outer wall and an inner wall which are nested, the outer wall is fixed and in clearance fit with the inner wall, and a mounting hole is formed in the middle of the inner wall; the sliding assembly is arranged in the mounting hole and in clearance fit with the mounting hole; the transmission assembly can drive the inner wall to move axially; when the first spring is configured to axially move along the inner wall, the first spring is compressed and drives the sliding assembly to move axially so as to make contact with a screen of a product. By means of the screen detection device and method, the problem that a screen of a product is damaged by an existing screen detection device exerting too much pressure on the screen of the product.

The invention relates to a pressure control valve, in particular to a magnetorheological pressure control valve for achieving hydraulic system pressure control through a force required to start the control valve. The pressure control valve comprises an inner valve body, a valve core, a blanking cap, a main valve body, a working chamber containing magnetorheological fluid, a coil assembly composed of a coil and a magnet separation jacket, an outer valve body, an upper valve body, a thrust shaft, a spring seat, a reset spring, an end cap, a travel switch sensor and a plurality of rubber seal rings. The magnetorheological pressure control valve is simple in structure, convenient to manufacture, high in energy efficiency and quick in pressure response and stepless and intelligent control of system pressure can be achieved.

The invention discloses a smart pasting machine. The smart pasting machine includes a rack, a first moving arm, a pasting plate, a fixing frame, a drive unit, a pressure sensor, a control unit, a hydraulic pump and a feeding hopper; the rack is provided with a vertically arranged first support; the first moving arm is arranged on the first support; the pasting plate is arranged on the first movingarm through a rotation shaft; the fixing frame is arranged at the periphery of the pasting plate; the drive unit drives the first moving arm to move towards or away from a wall to be pasted; the pressure sensor is used for detecting the value of pressure exerted by the pasting plate on the wall to be pasted when the pasting plate moves on the wall to be pasted; a pressure threshold range is pre-stored in the control unit, and the control unit controls the pressure value to be within the pressure threshold range. According to the smart pasting machine, the first moving arm is adopted to control the value of distance between the pasting plate and the wall to be pasted, so that force exerted by the pasting plate on the wall to be pasted is controlled, and the pasting quality of the smart pasting machine is ensured.

The invention discloses a preparation process of polyacrylonitrile fibers and the polyacrylonitrile fibers. The preparation process comprises the following steps: spinning a spinning solution througha spinning device; molding the sprayed spinning solution through a molding device to obtain tows; rinsing and drying the formed tows to obtain the polyacrylonitrile fibers, and enabling the sprayed spinning solution to sequentially pass through a coagulating bath tank and a primary rinsing tank in a forming device to obtain molded tows; feeding the tows solidified and molded in the coagulating bath tank into a primary rinsing tank to be subjected to secondary molding, wherein the speed V1 of the tows entering the primary rinsing tank is smaller than the speed V2 of the molded tows leaving theprimary rinsing tank, and drafting is completed in the primary rinsing tank; and maintaining the molded tows at the same advancing speed to obtain the polyacrylonitrile fibers. According to the preparation process, by controlling the advancing speed of the tows in different steps, the whole process flow is only drafted once in the primary rinsing tank, so that the process flow for preparing the polyacrylonitrile fibers is simplified, and the production efficiency of the polyacrylonitrile fibers is improved.

The invention discloses a photovoltaic panel cleaning device and a photovoltaic panel cleaning method. The photovoltaic panel cleaning device comprises a walking mechanism, a rolling sweeping mechanism, a dust suction device and a control system, the rolling sweeping mechanism and the dust suction device are arranged on the walking mechanism, the control system is connected with the walking mechanism and controls the walking mechanism to walk and steer and keeps the top face of the walking mechanism horizontal, and the control system is connected with the rolling sweeping mechanism and controls the rolling sweeping mechanism to clean a photovoltaic panel. The control system is connected with the dust suction device and controls the dust suction device to suck and collect dust generated by cleaning. The surface cleaning operation of the photovoltaic panel is carried out by adopting stable walking and automatic matching and fitting, so that the environmental adaptability is better; and the suspended pressing and attaching type rolling brush is adopted, so that the cleaning force is convenient to control, and the cleaning effect is better. The photovoltaic panel cleaning device is suitable for cleaning the surfaces of various photovoltaic panels arranged in a matrix array and photovoltaic panels with different heights.

The invention provides a driving device and a mobile robot and belongs to the field of an all-directional wheel type mobile robot. The driving device comprises an air bag, an air conveying device and a plurality of driving mechanisms; each driving mechanism comprises a power mechanism and an air cylinder; each power mechanism is mounted at the output end of the corresponding air cylinder; the input ends of a plurality of air cylinders are respectively connected with the air bag; the air conveying device communicates with the air bag and is used for controlling the amount of air inside the air bag; the mobile robot comprises a robot main body and the driving device; the driving device is mounted at the bottom of the robot main body. According to the driving device in the mobile robot, a plurality of driving mechanisms are simultaneously connected with one air bag; the air bag communicates with the air cylinders; when the power mechanisms are in contact with the ground, the contact pressure between each power mechanism and the ground is the same under the effects of the air bag and the air cylinders, so convenience can be provided for improving the synchronous driving effect of each power mechanism.

The invention discloses a body-shaping healthcare strap. The body-shaping healthcare strap is fixed on a special part of the human body through fixing measures. The body-shaping healthcare strap is provided with one or several pairs of combined lines; by adjusting opening or closing of two sides of the combined lines or the distance between two sides of the combined lines, the perimeter or local shape or tension of the body-shaping healthcare strap is adjusted, and action of the body-shaping healthcare strap on the special part of the human body can be flexibly controlled. Stomach can be supported up through an inner frame, or can be supported up by the body-shaping healthcare strap hung on the shoulder to prevent gastroptosis. The function structure designed for embedding or hanging functional parts can fix a vibrator, a manipulation device or a massager and others on the special part of the human body, so as to promote fat burning in vivo; the functional parts such as an air bag, a heating part, a steaming shade, a cold compressing bag or a hot compressing bag and the like are fixed on the special part of the human body, and corresponding functions can be realized.

The invention provides a multi-point mooring system anchor chain lifting unit and an operating method thereof. The multi-point mooring system anchor chain lifting unit comprises a frame; the frame anda deck are of integrated structure; the top end of the frame is fitted with a guide chain roller and a rotating end of a rocking arm through a guide chain roller shaft; an anchor chain stopper is arranged on the desk; an anchor chain is passed through the anchor chain stopper and meshed with the guide chain roller; a hydraulic cylinder is arranged on the frame through a rotary shaft; the front end of a piston rod of the hydraulic cylinder is connected with the driving end of the rocking arm through a rotary shaft; an anchor chain carrier is arranged in the middle of the rocking arm through arotary shaft. The multi-point mooring system anchor chain lifting unit and the operating method thereof have the advantages that the hydraulic system features good energy efficiency and good environmental friendliness; the multi-point mooring system anchor chain lifting unit is simple in structure, and the position of the chain carrier on the rocking arm can be adjusted according to the practice to control stress upon the hydraulic cylinder; controlling with the hydraulic system has high precision, good stability and high reliability; the anchor chain can be retracted in chain ring unit, sufficient reclaiming precision is achieved, and the anchor chain reclaiming length can be controlled precisely.

The invention relates to a process method for controlling a scab defect of a continuous casting slab. The method comprises the following steps: (1) controlling vibration deflection of a mould; (2) controlling uniform cooling of the mould; and (3) controlling the sinterability of mould fluxes. According to the scheme, equipment functional precision associated with the stress of an initial solidification shell in the mould is guaranteed through the process of strictly controlling the vibration accuracy deviation of the mould, controlling uniform cooling of the mould and controlling the sinterability of the mould fluxes so as to reduce the stress of the initial solidification shell at the position of a meniscus of the mould to control overflow of molten steel from the meniscus of the mould, otherwise, the overflowing molten steel and the meniscus touch twice and are welded, so that the initial solidification shell of the meniscus is bent and folded to form the scab defect, and accordingly, the quality of the continuous casting slab is improved, the continuous casting breakout accident is reduced, and continuous casting production is stabilized.

The invention provides a synchronous plastering machine for a double-faced wall. The synchronous plastering machine comprises a rack, a first moving arm arranged on the rack, a second moving arm, a first plastering plate arranged on a second subarm through a rotating shaft, a second plastering plate arranged on a fourth subarm through a rotating shaft, a driving unit, a hydraulic pump and a material supplying hopper; the rack comprises vertically-arranged first bracket; and the second moving arm is arranged on the rack and is perpendicular to the first moving arm. In the synchronous plasteringmachine for the double-faced wall, the first moving arm and the second moving arm are utilized to conduct plastering operation simultaneously on two mutually-perpendicular to-be-plastered wall bodies, the effect of the plastering plates and the acting force of the to-be-plastered wall bodies are controlled, and the it is ensured that the plastering quality of the synchronous plastering machine for the double-faced wall is guaranteed.

The invention discloses a screen detection device and method. The screen detection device comprises a buffer sleeve, a sliding assembly, a transmission assembly and a first spring, wherein the buffer sleeve comprises an outer wall and an inner wall which are nested, the outer wall is fixed and in clearance fit with the inner wall, and a mounting hole is formed in the middle of the inner wall; the sliding assembly is arranged in the mounting hole and in clearance fit with the mounting hole; the transmission assembly can drive the inner wall to move axially; when the first spring is configured to axially move along the inner wall, the first spring is compressed and drives the sliding assembly to move axially so as to make contact with a screen of a product. By means of the screen detection device and method, the problem that a screen of a product is damaged by an existing screen detection device exerting too much pressure on the screen of the product.

The invention discloses a tongue protecting device for tongue brushing. The tongue protecting device for tongue brushing is characterized by comprising a handle and a tongue protecting mesh part, the front end of the handle is connected with the tongue protecting mesh part, and the size and the shape of the tongue protecting mesh part are matched with the size and the shape of the tongue of a person. The tongue protecting device for tongue brushing is characterized by further comprising blocking piece parts which are arranged on the two side edges of the tongue protecting mesh part and the edge of the front end of the tongue protecting mesh part and are of a semi-encircled structure. The tongue protecting device for tongue brushing is simple in structure and convenient to operate, in the tongue brushing process, the tongue protecting mesh part can effectively control the force application strength on the a tongue face by tongue brush bristles, the tongue face is protected against injuries caused by excessive force application, the tongue protecting mesh part can temporarily position the tongue, operation is facilitated, and discomfort of a pharynx and vomit are avoided. The improved structures of the blocking piece parts are arranged, and therefore coated tongue liquid generated by tongue brushing can be prevented from flowing back to the pharynx.

The invention discloses a bristle brush which comprises a brush body shell (1), a plurality of brush bristle holes (3) and a brush bristle assembly (4). The brush bristle holes (3) are formed in the brush body shell (1), brush bristles (2) are installed in the brush bristle holes (3), and the brush bristle assembly (4) is arranged in the brush bristle holes (3) to be used for adjusting the stress of the brush bristles (2). The bristle brush can control the acting force of the brush bristles on shoes, and effectively improve the cleaning efficiency of the shoes.

The invention relates to teaching assisting chopsticks and a using method thereof. The teaching assisting chopsticks are composed of a fixed chopstick and a mobile chopstick, the inner side of the fixed chopstick is provided with a thumb ring, the lower side of the fixed chopstick extends downwards and is provided with a ring finger fixing position, the middle, near the front end, of the fixed chopstick is provided with a track extending upwards, and the mobile chopstick is arranged in the track. The teaching assisting chopsticks and the using method thereof have the advantages of making chopsticks recover to a self-motion rule, ensuring the stability of the fixed chopstick to the maximum extent, having the function of assisting a pair of chopsticks in being closed accurately and practicability, reducing variable factors of the motion process of a pair of chopsticks as many as possible, and being capable of training the capability of using the chopsticks of the index finger and the middle finger at the same time. Besides, the teaching assisting chopsticks have the advantages of being convenient to produce, easy to manufacture, low in using cost and capable of making a user handle the using method quickly or correcting a wrong chopstick using method quickly.

The invention relates to a rail collecting device and a method of a seamless track quick track switching operating vehicle. The device comprises a group of at least five rail clamping devices which are arranged below a vehicle body at intervals along the travel direction of the vehicle body, wherein, each rail clamping device is provided with a positioning assembly with the same structure and at least comprises a rail clamping device I, a rail clamping device II, a rail clamping device III, a rail clamping device IV and a rail clamping device V which have the clamping assemblies with different structures; the rail clamping device I and the rail clamping device II are rolling rail clamping devices, and the rail clamping device III, the rail clamping device IV and the rail clamping device Vare sliding clamping devices. The method thereof can change the combination of the rail clamping devices according to the used rail placing position. In the operation process, each rail clamping device clamps the rail by sections so as to effectively control acting force due to short rail switching distance as well as big displacement and deformation of a new rail and a used rail, thus realizing that the rail is switched within 50 meters.

The invention discloses an inorganic explosion-proof bridge bracket including bridge piers, a bridge body and bridge pillars. Composite connecting seats are fixed between the bridge pillars and the bridge piers and the bridge body. The bridge pillars include cylindrical steel bar skeletons. The inner surfaces of the steel bar skeletons are covered with barrier explosion-proof layers. The steel barskeletons are fully filled into concrete material. The outer wall surfaces of the bridge pillars are coated with an inorganic layer. A plurality of fixed mounting rings are arranged on the outer walls of the bridge pillars along the height direction of the bridge pillars. The two adjacent fixed mounting rings are sleeved with diamond-shaped split housings. The upper portion of the inner side of the split housing is connected with a fixed mounting ring, and the lower portion of the inner side of the split housing is connected with another fixed mounting ring. The inorganic explosion-proof bridge bracket is solid in structure, and good in corrosion resistance and impact resistance. The maintenance cost of the bridge pillars is reduced, and the service life of the bridge pillars is prolonged.

The invention discloses an electromagnetic lock working power reduction circuit, which includes an oscillation circuit, a timing circuit and a chopper circuit; a busbar power supply is connected to the chopper circuit, the chopper circuit is connected to the electromagnetic lock, and the oscillation circuit and the timing circuit are driven by voltage divider from the busbar power supply The oscillation circuit generates two PWM waves successively, and the first PWM wave is sent to the timing circuit. After the timing reaches the set time, the timing circuit sends the start command of the second PWM wave to the oscillation circuit; the oscillation circuit sends the second PWM wave to the timing circuit. The wave is sent to the chopper circuit, so that the DC power supply waveform output before the chopper circuit becomes a PWM waveform; the current at the input terminal of the electromagnetic lock forms a pulsed square wave; whenever the square wave of the power input is turned off, the electromagnetic lock will use its magnetic material. The stored energy is released to maintain its own work; the invention can not only meet the requirement of high power input when the electromagnetic lock is started, but also reduce the maintenance power after the electromagnetic lock is started.

The invention relates to a speed-adjustable powder discharging device. The speed-adjustable powder discharging device comprises a rotating shaft, an upper ring body and a lower ring body, wherein theupper ring body and the lower ring body are arranged on the rotating shaft in a sleeving mode, and a plurality of connecting rod assemblies which have the same inclination angle and form a spiral stirring rod structure are arranged between the upper ring body and the lower ring body. Each connecting rod assembly comprises upper rods and lower rods, wherein one end of each lower rod extends into the corresponding upper rod to be in sliding fit with the upper rod. A plurality of sliding rings are evenly arranged on the outer ring of the upper ring body in the circumferential direction, and the sliding rings are connected with upper hinged supports arranged at the top ends of the upper rods through connecting blocks; and a plurality of lower hinged supports corresponding to the sliding ringsare evenly arranged on the lower ring body in the circumferential direction, and the bottom ends of the lower rods are connected with the lower ring body through the lower hinged supports. According to the speed-adjustable powder discharging device, the relative positions of the upper rod and the lower rod are controlled by adjusting the rotating angles of the upper hinged supports and the lower hinged supports, so that the included angles between the lower rods and the horizontal direction are adjusted, and the powder stress and the discharging speed are controlled. The problems of dust raising and the like caused by controlling the discharging speed by adjusting the rotating speed of the motor are avoided, and the device is particularly suitable for efficient discharging of the damp powder.

The invention relates to the technical field of chemical fiber processing, in particular to an oil control type oiling device for chemical fiber processing, which comprises an oil tank and an oiling mechanism, the oiling mechanism is used for spraying an oil agent in the oil tank on chemical fiber filaments, an oil control plate is arranged in the oil tank, a pressing plate is arranged above the oil control plate, a gap is reserved between the oil control plate and the pressing plate, and the oil control plate is arranged in the oil tank. The chemical fiber yarn output by the oiling mechanism penetrates through a gap between the pressing plate and the oil control plate, and the pressing plate and the oil control plate generate pressure on the penetrating chemical fiber yarn to control oil in the chemical fiber yarn. According to the oil control type oiling device for chemical fiber processing, chemical fibers are oiled through the oiling mechanism, one side of the inner cavity of the oil tank applies pressure to the chemical fibers through the oil control plate, the oil control plate and the pressing plate are matched to apply pressure to the chemical fibers, oil control treatment can be conducted on the chemical fibers, oil liquid waste is avoided while the chemical fiber oiling quality is guaranteed, and the oil control effect is good. And the cost of a user is saved, pollution of oil liquid to the workbench is avoided, and good application value is achieved.

The invention discloses a multi-core-tube anti-collision capsule, which belongs to the technical field of structural protection, and can effectively realize collision protection of structures such as piers through corresponding arrangement of a shell, a central plug in the shell, a core tube and the like and combined work of a one-way valve and a pressure regulating valve in the central plug. The acting force acting on the protected structure in the collision process is controlled and released, and reliable collision prevention of the structure is achieved. The multi-core-tube anti-collision capsule is simple in structure and easy and convenient to arrange and maintain, collision protection of structures such as piers can be effectively achieved, the acting force transmitted to a protected structure by the anti-collision capsule in the collision process is effectively controlled, the collision impact force does not exceed the bearing capacity of a protected object, and after collision is removed, the anti-collision capsule can be quickly recovered under the action of the core tube, so that the anti-collision capsule can quickly recover the state before collision, the overhaul and maintenance process of the anti-collision capsule is effectively simplified, and the anti-collision capsule has better application prospect and popularization value.