The invention provides a robot independent positioning system and belongs to a robot intelligent control device. The invention solves the high-precision and independent positioning problem of the robot in the underground operation. The invention comprises an installation platform, a sensor subsystem, a data processing subsystem and a voltage conversion module; the sensor subsystem, the data processing subsystem and the voltage conversion module are arranged on the installation platform; the upper part of the installation platform is a turntable carrying the sensor subsystem; a fixed base on the lower part of the installation platform has a structure of a sealed cavity; the inside of the fixed base is provided with the data processing subsystem and the voltage conversion module; the sensor subsystem comprises an inertial sensor module and a three-dimensional digital compass; the data processing subsystem comprises a central controller, a data preprocessing module, a data integration module and a dead reckoning module; the data preprocessing module, the data integration module and the dead reckoning module are arranged in the central controller. The invention can be used for the intelligent robot working in the underground environment such as coal mines, tunnels, caverns and so on; the invention can be used for the independent positioning of robots, shield machines, underground locomotives and so on; the invention provides effective pose information for intelligent robots to finish such tasks as reconnaissance, exploration and search in the underground environment.