The invention relates to a straw rapid degradation microbial inoculum composition. The composition comprises 10%-20% of a degradation bacterium complex microbial inoculum, 40%-50% of peanut straw, 10%-15% of peanut shells, 20%-25% of fruit and vegetable residues and 20%-30% of earthworm cast. The degrading bacterium complex microbial inoculant is prepared from ZL-2 brevibacterium friariorum, lactobacillus acidophilus, Beijerinckia indica, paenibacillus mucilaginosus N6, Rhodopseudomonas and flavobacterium johnsonii; and the straw rapid degradation bacterial agent composition is combined with a film mulching composting technology for use, so that a fermentation heap body can be rapidly heated, the composting fermentation efficiency can be greatly improved, the composting decomposition degree is remarkably improved after fermentation is finished, the composting fermentation effect is improved, the content of organic matters in the produced fertilizer is higher (55.8%), the nutrients are more comprehensive, the absorption of plants is more facilitated, the yield of the rape can be increased by 57.5%, and the quality of the rape is effectively improved.