The invention discloses a kalman filter-based signal real-time time-frequency spectrometer, which comprises a sensor, an A / D data conversion card, a processor, a control panel, a memory and a display; wherein the processor comprises a pretreatment module, a forecast module, a correction module and a smoothing module which are connected orderly. The kalman filter-based signal real-time time-frequency spectrometer is characterized in that a command is input by the control panel; a non-stationary time-varying signal acquired by the processor is sampled and converted by the A / D data conversion card; then the pretreatment module, the forecast module, the correction module and the smoothing module perform forecasting, correction and smoothing treatments on the parameters of signal sampling points orderly; and after the treated parameter is substituted into a time-frequency spectral function, a high-resolution time-frequency spectrum can be obtained, and finally is shown on the display. The time-frequency spectrometer of the invention can carry out real-time, dynamic and continuous treatment on the signals, and can obtain the time-frequency spectrum which has high resolution and no cross-term interference, thereby bringing great convenience to the subsequent signal processing.