The invention provides a preparation method of a straw-base composite water-absorbing material. The method comprises the following steps: taking fresh straws, airing, pulverizing into fine powder, adding the fine powder into a composite-enzyme-containing phosphate buffer solution, heating for fumigation, mixing the activated straw fine powder, potassium persulfate, a silane coupling agent, water, dodecyl-sulfonate-modified starch and polyglycerol ricinoleate, carrying out reaction at 70-90 DEG C to obtain a graft, adding lecithin, gelatin, glyceryl triacetate and n-butyl titanate into the graft, dropwisely adding a NaOH solution, stirring, and carrying out reaction at 40-50 DEG C; and finally, filtering out the reaction product, cleaning and drying to obtain the water-absorbing material. The maximum water absorbency of the water-absorbing material is 633.33 g / g, the maximum salt absorbency is 133.33 g / g, and the maximum artificial urine absorbency is 133.33 g / g. The water-absorbing material has the advantages of high salt resistance, favorable water absorptivity and favorable water retention property.