The invention discloses an injection / drainage air-supply turbocharging system which is applied to a turbocharged internal combustion engine of vehicles, ships and engineering machines to improve the low (rotating speed and load) working condition performance and the transient characteristics of the turbocharged internal combustion engine. Through two supplementary air supply structures, namely a high pressure air injection air supply pipeline and a turbocharged air drainage air supply pipeline of the system, charging air flowing into the internal combustion engine and combustion air flowing into a turbine are supplied, so that the power and the turbocharging pressure of the turbine are greatly increased, and the fuel consumption, the exhaust temperature and the harmful emission are obviously reduced. Compared with the prior art, the invention has the advantages of mature technology, simple structure, safe and reliable use, great conditioning degree and good effect.