382results about "Optical analogue/digital converters" patented technology

A ultra high speed photonic Analog to Digital Converted (ADC) for sampling and quantizing an electrical voltage signal, internally enabled by photonics uses coherent optical detection architectures for photonic quantization. Coherent light is phase modulated by the test signal. Using an interferometer, or an array of interferometers the phase of modulated light is compared with a reference light. Flash ADC, successive approximation ADC and delta-sigma ADC configurations are presented.

Microstructures are fabricated by impinging a radiation beam, such as a laser beam, through a substrate that is transparent to the laser beam, into a negative photoresist layer on the substrate. The negative photoresist layer may be subsequently developed to provide a master for optical and / or mechanical microstructures. Related systems, microstructure products and microstructure masters also are disclosed.

A video encoder and corresponding method are provided for mixed inter / intra encoding of a macroblock having a plurality of partitions, where the encoder includes a reference picture weighting applicator coupled with a reference picture weighting factor unit for assigning weighting factors corresponding to each of the inter and intra coded partitions, respectively; and the corresponding method for encoding a macroblock with several partitions includes inter-coding at least one partition and intra-coding at least a second partition.

A video encoder and corresponding method are provided for mixed inter / intra encoding of a macroblock having a plurality of partitions, where the encoder includes a reference picture weighting applicator coupled with a reference picture weighting factor unit for assigning weighting factors corresponding to each of the inter and intra coded partitions, respectively; and the corresponding method for encoding a macroblock with several partitions includes inter-coding at least one partition and intra-coding at least a second partition.

According to one embodiment, a method for scrambling and descrambling program data comprises the receipt of a mating key generator message including a manufacturer identifier. The mating key generator message is transmitted to a first remote source identified by the manufacturer identifier. In response, a mating key is received from the first remote source. Then, the mating key is supplied to a second remote source, the mating key being subsequently used to encrypt a service key used for scrambling program data.

A communications system includes an encoder that produces a plurality of redundant symbols. For a given key, an output symbol is generated from a combined set of symbols including the input symbols and the redundant symbols. The output symbols are generally independent of each other, and an effectively unbounded number of output symbols can be generated, if needed. Received output symbols can provide probabilistic information for error correction. A decoder calculates check symbols from the output symbols received. For each received output symbol, the decoder updates a running total of estimated information content and, in one or more rounds, generates a probability distribution for each input symbol over all or some of possible values. This process may be repeated until, for all of the input symbols, one of the many possible values is much more probable than others, or the process may be repeated a predetermined number of rounds, or other criteria is met.

Puncture sequences S1, S2, etc. for code rates R1, R2, etc. less than a maximum code rate Rmax are defined subsets of a maximum rate puncture sequence Smax that corresponds to the maximum code rate Rmax. Each puncture sequence Si for a code rate Ri is related to the puncture sequence Si−1, of the previous code rate Ri−1, and preferably S1⊂S2⊂ . . . ⊂Smax−1⊂Smax. The puncture sequences are groups of one or more memory elements, each of which is a variable degree, a variable node location, a check degree, or a check node location. A method for deriving such a puncture sequence for variable code rates is also disclosed.

A modulator device for converting digital data into modulation of an optical signal includes an electronic input for receiving an input data word of N bits and an electrically controllable modulator for modulating the intensity of an optical signal, the modulator including M actuating electrodes where M≧N. An electrode actuating device, most preferably a digital-to-digital converter, operates actuating electrodes so that at least one electrode is actuated as a function of values of more than one bit of the input data word. According to an alternative, or supplementary, aspect of the invention, the set of electrodes includes at least one electrode having an effective area which is not interrelated to others of the set by factors of two. In one preferred implementation, a Mach-Zehnder modulator also provides phase modulation to give QAM functionality. Another implementation employs a semiconductor laser.

A method and apparatus for staggercasting includes encoding a first signal representing content having a time duration and a second signal also representing that content. A time delay period is specified for the time duration of the content. A composite signal, comprising the first and second encoded signals, is generated. In the composite signal the first encoded signal is delayed with respect to the second encoded signal by the time delay period for the time duration of the content. If an error is detected in the composite signal, then the received second encoded signal is decoded to produce the content, otherwise the delayed received first encoded signal is decoded to produce the content.

A time-stretched enhanced recording scope (TiSER) is described using time stretch analog-to-digital conversion in a real-time burst mode. A chirped optical signal is modulated in response to receiving segments of an input signal. The optical signal with its modulated input signal, is stretched through an optical medium and digitized to represent the waveform segment. TiSER provides ultra-fast real-time sampling within short segment bursts of the original input signal while providing an ability to detect non-repetitive events. Methods and apparatus are also described for providing real-time information about inter-symbol information (ISI), rapidly determining bit-error rates (BER), performing time-domain reflectometry (TDR), generating eye diagrams for serial data, facilitating digital correction of data, clock recovery, optical carrier phase recovery, and otherwise increasing the speed and / or accuracy of a diverse range of high-speed signal measurement and processing activities.

A digital to analog converter including an input for receiving an input signal, a ramp generator, and a delta-sigma modulator responsive to the input signal and an output of the ramp generator. An order of a noise shaping transfer function of the delta-sigma modulator is response to a level of the output of the ramp generator.

The invention relates to an ultra high-speed optical analog-to-digital conversion device. The ultra high-speed optical analog-to-digital conversion device comprises a high-speed pulse laser, a frequency spectrum broadening module, a repetition frequency multiplication module, an ultra wide band signal sampling module, a wavelength multi-channelizing module, parallel photoelectric conversion modules, parallel electric quantization modules and parallel data processing modules, wherein the high-speed pulse laser, the frequency spectrum broadening module, the repetition frequency multiplication module, the ultra wide band signal sampling module, the wavelength multi-channelizing module, the parallel photoelectric conversion modules, the parallel electric quantization modules and the parallel data tprocessing modules are sequentially connected. According to the ultra high-speed optical analog-to-digital conversion device, the high-speed pulse laser and the wavelength-division multiplexing technology are combined, while the advantages that the wavelength-division multiplexing technology is simple and practicable are kept, the defect that the output frequency spectrum of an active mode-locking fiber laser is narrow is overcome through the frequency spectrum broadening technology, high-speed photoelectric sampling is carried out through a broadband 1*2 electro-optical modulator, and by increasing the number of wavelength-division multiplexing channels or the number of parallel channels of the system, the bandwidth of a photoelectric detector and the sampling rate of an electric analog-to-digital converter are not increased while the sampling rate of the system is improved.

A system and method for selective wavelength interleaved filtering technique for analog to digital conversion (ADC) comprises a remote aperture for analog input, a modulator operable to transform the analog input into an initial optical signal, a photonic front end having high resolution optical filters operable to filter the optical signal into multiple subsequent optical signals and supply local oscillators for downconversion into electrical signals, a segmented subsystem having a plurality of ADCs, each operable to receive and convert one subsequent optical signal of the optical signals, and a memory buffer and process subsystem operable to reconstruct the converted subsequent optical signals into a digital representation of the analog input by executing reconstruction algorithms. Provision is made for compensation of distortions arising in the electrical to optical to electrical conversion process. The optical filters can include a self-registered filter wherein individual passbands are intrinsically aligned to one another.

A ultra high speed photonic Analog to Digital Converted (ADC) for sampling and quantizing an electrical voltage signal, internally enabled by photonics uses coherent optical detection architectures for photonic quantization. Coherent light is phase modulated by the test signal. Using an interferometer, or an array of interferometers the phase of modulated light is compared with a reference light. Flash ADC, successive approximation ADC and delta-sigma ADC configurations are presented.

A method and apparatus for staggercasting includes encoding a set of signals representing content. The set of encoded signals is capable of being decoded to produce a corresponding set of decoded signals, each having a quality which is different from the qualities of the decoded signals corresponding to the other encoded signals. A composite signal is generated which includes the set of encoded signals, staggered in time. The set of encoded signals extracting from the composite signal. Errors in the set of extracted encoded signals are detected to produce a subset of available extracted encoded signals which are not erroneous. A content representative signal at a selectable desired quality is then decoded.

A communications system includes an encoder that produces a plurality of redundant symbols. For a given key, an output symbol is generated from a combined set of symbols including the input symbols and the redundant symbols. The output symbols are generally independent of each other, and an effectively unbounded number of output symbols (subject to the resolution of the key used) can be generated, if needed. The output symbols are information additive such that a received output symbol is likely to provide additional information for decoding even when many symbols are already received. The output symbols are such that a collection of received output symbols can provide probabilistic information to support error correction. A decoder calculates check symbols from the output symbols received, wherein each check symbol is associated with one or more input symbols and redundant symbols For each received output symbol, the decoder updates a running total of estimated information content and, in one or more rounds, generates a probability distribution for each input symbol over all or some of the possible values of input symbols. This process may be repeated until, for all of the input symbols, one of the many possible values is much more probable than others, or the process may be repeated a predetermined number of rounds, or other criteria is met. The updating can take into account already decoded symbols, additional output symbols and the check symbols.

An optical digital-to-analog conversion is realized by employing either a continuous wave or pulsed laser optical signal. The laser optical signal is split into a plurality of mutually coherent optical beams, which are phase shift modulated by bits of a digital data sequence to be converted to an analog signal. The phase shift modulated optical beams are recombined to realize the desired digital-to-analog converted optical signal.

An apparatus and method of decoding coded video bitstreams is disclosed. The apparatus comprises a first processor and a second processor configured to operate in parallel. The main processor receives the coded video bitstream, parses it, and calls the second processor to decode the coded video bitstream to retrieve macroblock data. If an error occurs during decoding, the second processor signals the first processor, which can instruct the second processor to perform an error recovery routine. The first processor the performs dequantization and inverse DCT to recover digital pixel data from the macroblocks so that an image formed from the digital pixel data can be later displayed on a monitor.

A method and device for improving coding efficiency in audio coding. From the pitch values of a pitch contour of an audio signal, a plurality of simplified pitch contour segments are generated to approximate the pitch contour, based on one or more pre-selected criteria. The contour segments can be linear or non-linear with each contour segment represented by a first end point and a second end point. If the contour segments are linear, then only the information regarding the end points, instead of the pitch values, are provided to a decoder for reconstructing the audio signal. The contour segment can have a fixed maximum length or a variable length, but the deviation between a contour segment and the pitch values in that segment is limited by a maximum value.

An dual phase pulse modulation (DPPM) encoder circuit converts data into a series of high and low signal pulses, each of whose time durations or pulse widths represents a group of M data bits, with the alternating high and low pulses representing successive groups. The encoder circuit may include a set of parallel-in, serial-out shift registers that subdivide received data words into the M-bit groups, a state machine that specified the pulse durations for each received group, e.g., by incrementing a state that indicates selected signal pulse transition times, a system clock delay chain with multiple taps, a multiplexer controlled by the state machine for successively selecting different taps, and a toggle flip-flop that is clocked by the multiplexer output.

An apparatus and method is described for performing texture-decoding within a video decoder processing a series of macroblocks within a video bit-stream. The inventive texture decoding is particularly well suited for implementation within decoders incorporating multiple processors. The method separates data independent operations from data dependent (sequential) operations wherein multiprocessing may be efficiently utilized for processing data independent macroblocks. The method preferably makes an assumption as to prediction direction within the set of data dependent operations. A prediction determination is then made and the assumption corrected if necessary with a transposition within the data independent operations operating on the macroblocks. The method reduces the computational overhead and provides for efficiently segmenting operations within a multiprocessing decoder.

A method and apparatus for storing staggercasted content includes encoding a set of signals representing content. The set of signals is capable of being decoded to produce a corresponding set of decoded signals, each decoded signal having a quality different from the qualities of the decoded signals corresponding to the other encoded signals. A composite signal comprising the set of encoded signals, staggered in time, is generated. The set of encoded signals is extracted from the composite signal. Errors in the set of extracted encoded signals are detected to produce a subset of available extracted encoded signals which are not erroneous. A content representative signal at a selectable desired quality is decoded. The decoded content representative signal is then stored in a storage device.

A hydrogenated ring-opening metathesis polymer containing at least structural units of the general formula [3] and / or the general formula [4] and the weight-average molecular weight Mw to the number-average molecular weight Mn (Mw / Mn) is more than 2.0 and less than 5.0:wherein R8 to R11 and R13 to R16 represent a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, X2s and X3s are the same or different and represent —O— or —CR122— wherein R12 represents a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, one of Y1 and Y2 represents —(C═O)— and the other of Y1 and Y2 represents —CR182— wherein R18 represents a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, and m and n represent an integer of 0 or 1 to 3.

Provided is an A / D converter including an input terminal, a reference signal line for supplying a reference signal which changes temporally, a comparator, a correction capacitor connected to an inverting input terminal of the comparator; and an output circuit which outputs digital data corresponding to an analog signal input to the input terminal. In a first state in which a total voltage of a first analog signal and an offset voltage of the comparator is held in the correction capacitor, a second analog signal input to the input terminal is supplied to a non-inverting input terminal of the comparator, and the second analog signal or the total voltage is changed using the reference signal, thereby outputting, from the output circuit, digital data.

An optical analog-to-digital converter (ADC) is disclosed which converts an input optical analog signal to an output optical digital signal at a sampling rate defined by a sampling optical signal. Each bit of the digital representation is separately determined using an optical waveguide interferometer and an optical thresholding element. The interferometer uses the optical analog signal and the sampling optical signal to generate a sinusoidally-varying output signal using cross-phase-modulation (XPM) or a photocurrent generated from the optical analog signal. The sinusoidally-varying output signal is then digitized by the thresholding element, which includes a saturable absorber or at least one semiconductor optical amplifier, to form the optical digital signal which can be output either in parallel or serially.

Microstructures are fabricated by impinging a radiation beam, such as a laser beam, through a substrate that is transparent to the laser beam, into a negative photoresist layer on the substrate. The negative photoresist layer may be subsequently developed to provide a master for optical and / or mechanical microstructures. Related systems, microstructure products and microstructure masters also are disclosed.