The invention discloses a neural network feature learning method based on image self coding, which belongs to the technical field of feature learning and image retrieval. Firstly, a segmentation training image set corresponding to a training image set is constructed through a segmentation label of a multi-label image data set, weights of a convolutional neural network and a self coding neural network are then initialized, a stochastic gradient descent method is used for training the self coding neural network, and an implicit variable of a segmentation image corresponding to each training sample is extracted and normalized; and then, the implicit variable serves as a training target corresponding to an original training set image, the convolutional neural network is trained, a feature vector corresponding to each image in a test set image library is extracted, and through calculating Euclidean distances between feature vectors of a query image and each image in the image library and arranging the distances in an sequence from small to large, a similar image retrieval result is obtained. Thus, features extracted from the trained neural network achieve perfect retrieval effects in a multi-label retrieval task.