The invention discloses a device and a method for measuring the concentration of high-pressure combustion carbon black particles. The device for measuring the concentration of the high-pressure combustion carbon black particles comprises a laser, a first attenuator, a light path collimation component, a first polaroid, a high-pressure sample chamber, a second polaroid, a focusing lens, a first optical filter, a linear array charge coupled device (CCD) image sensor and a computer. In the method, lasers with different wavelengths are successively emitted by the laser and pass through the high-pressure sample chamber, and the concentration of particles to be measured is obtained by measuring the light intensity of transmission light which passes through the high-pressure sample chamber and light which is taken as a reference light path and does not pass through the high-pressure sample chamber according to a Mie scattering theory. By the method, the concentration can be measured conveniently and quickly; the method has low requirements on instruments and equipment, the process of data acquisition and processing is simple, and the measurement range is relatively wider; moreover, measurement results are accurate, and the method is high in speed and repeatability, and can be popularized and applied in the field of particle measurement.