The invention discloses a short-distance cable fault ranging system and a ranging method with a low-voltage pulse method. The short-distance cable fault ranging system comprises a single chip microcomputer control module, a keyboard input module, a display screen module, a pulse generation circuit, a pulse delay circuit, a high-speed acquisition module, a PC processing module, a power supply and a tested cable, wherein the single chip microcomputer control module, the keyboard input module, the display screen module, the pulse generation circuit, the pulse delay circuit, the high-speed acquisition module and the PC processing module are respectively connected with the power supply; the single chip microcomputer control module is connected with the keyboard input module, the display screen module, the high-speed acquisition module and the pulse generation circuit respectively; the pulse generation circuit is connected with the pulse delay circuit; the output end of the pulse delay circuit is connected with the high-speed acquisition module and the tested cable respectively; the high-speed acquisition module is connected with the PC processing module. By adopting the short-distance cable fault ranging system, blind test areas can be effectively reduced, and thus the cable fault ranging accuracy degree can be relatively high.