The invention provides a geotechnical monitoring method, device and system based on the NB-IoT narrowband IOT (Internet of Things). Different hardware sampling circuits are selected according to configuration, and the device can collect various types of sensor signals (such as frequency, voltage, current, etc.) at the front end, and calculates measured physical quantities (such as strain stress, displacement, settlement, tilt angle, etc.) through a built-in calibration scale, and can be connected with many types of sensors from multiple manufacturers. The wireless communication uses NB-IoT narrowband Internet network, and the NB-IoT has the advantages of wide coverage, massive connection, lower power consumption, low cost, etc. Each sensor directly communicates with the platform through the device, and there is no need to design a bus circuit, and avoids the trouble and cost of the charging of bus wiring. A lithium battery is employed as a power supply, and the commercial power or a solar cell panel does not need to be connected, thereby reducing the power supply cost, avoiding the damages to the power supply, and avoiding the disadvantages that the power supply is not stable and the cost in power compensation is high. The entire device is small in size.