466 results about "Counterion" patented technology

This invention relates to antireflective coatings comprising polymeric polyoxyalkylenated colorants. More particularly, the present invention relates to antireflective coatings for utilization in forming thin layers between reflective substrates and photoresist coatings. Such antireflective coatings are very useful and beneficial within the production and fabrication of semiconductors through photolithographic procedures due to the liquid, non-crystallizing nature of polyoxyalkylenated colorants, and the lack of potentially damaging counterions, metals, and / or electrolytes within the inventive antireflective colored coatings. The inventive coatings may also be applied on lenses, mirrors, and other optical components. Methods of forming such antireflective coatings are also contemplated within this invention.

A method for making hollow nanoparticles, comprises a) providing an amount of a polyelectrolyte having a charge, b) providing an amount of a counterion having a valence of at least 2, c) combining the polyelectrolyte and the counterion in a solution such that the polyelectrolyte self-assembles to form spherical aggregates, and d) adding nanoparticles to the solution such that nanoparticles arrange themselves around the spherical aggregates. The polyelectrolyte may have a positive or negative charge. The charge ratio R of total charge of the counterions to the total charge of the polyelectrolyte is greater than 1.0.

A formulation for coating a transdermal delivery device having a plurality of stratum corneum-piercing microprojections, the formulation including a biologically active agent and at least one viscosity-enhancing counterion. Preferably, the formulation has a viscosity in the range of about 20-200 cp.

The present invention provides porous metal-organic polyhedra. The porous metal-organic polyhedra of the present invention comprises a plurality of metal clusters each of which have two or more metal ions, and a sufficient number of capping ligands to inhibit polymerization of the metal organic polyhedra. The porous metal-organic polyhedra further includes a plurality of multidentate linking ligands that connect adjacent metal clusters into a geometrical shape describable as a polyhedral with metal clusters positioned at one or more vertices of the polyhedron. The present invention also provides a method of making the porous metal-organic polyhedra in which a solution comprising a solvent, one or more ions, and a counterions that complexes to the porous metal-organic polyhedra as a capping ligand to inhibit polymerization of the metal organic polyhedra, with a multidentate linking ligand.

The present invention relates to new addition salts of lercanidipine comprising lercanidipine and an acid counterion wherein the acid counterion is selected from the group consisting of: (i) inorganic acids, (ii) sulfonic acids, (iii) monocarboxylic acids, (iv) dicarboxylic acids, (v) tricarboxylic acids, and (vi) aromatic sulfonimides, with the proviso that said acid counterion is not hydrochloric acid.

A method for removing a target DNA fragment having a predetermined base-pair length from a mixture of DNA fragments comprises the following steps. A mixture of DNA fragments which may contain the target DNA fragments is applied to a separation column containing media having a nonpolar, nonporous surface, the mixture of DNA fragments being in a first solvent mixture containing a counterion and a DNA binding concentration of driving solvent in a cosolvent. The target DNA fragments are separated from the media by contacting it with a second solvent solution containing a counterion and a concentration of driving solvent in cosolvent which has been predetermined to remove DNA fragments having the target DNA fragment base pair length from the media. The target DNA fragments can be collected and optionally amplified. When the method is being applied to collect a putative fragment, if present, no DNA fragments having the base pair length of the target DNA could be present in the mixture. Alternatively, DNA fragments having the base pair length of the target DNA are present in the mixture. The disclosure also describes an ambient or low pressure device for separating polynucleotide fragments from a mixture of polynucleotide fragments comprises a tube having an upper solution input chamber, a lower eluant receiving chamber, and a fixed unit of separation media supported therein. The separation media has nonpolar separation surfaces which are free from multivalent cations which would react with counterion to form an insoluble polar coating on the surface of the separation media.

The present invention discloses printing plates comprising a substrate and a radiation-absorptive layer, wherein the radiation-absorptive layer comprises at least one modified pigment product. The modified pigment product comprises a pigment having attached at least one organic group and at least one amphiphilic counterion. Methods of imaging printing plates are also disclosed.

The present invention relates to liquid sustained release suspension dosage forms comprising ionized forms of water-soluble drugs. In particular, the invention encompasses a liquid form controlled release drug composition comprising a dispersed phase comprising an ion-exchange matrix drug complex comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable ion-exchange matrix and a water-soluble electrolytic drug associated with the ion-exchange matrix, wherein the surface charge of the ion-exchange matrix is opposite that of the electrolytic drug and a dispersion medium substantially free of diffusible counterions, further comprising a polyelectrolyte having the same charge as the electrolytic drug. The invention also provides methods for preparing such compositions and methods of treatment.

A method for making inhomogeneous microparticles comprises a) providing an amount of each of at least two polyelectrolytes having a charge, b) providing an amount of a counterion having a valence of at least 2, c) combining the polyelectrolytes and the counterion in a solution such that the polyelectrolyte self-assembles to form inhomogeneous aggregates, and d) adding nanoparticles to the solution such that nanoparticles arrange themselves around the inhomogeneous aggregates to form inhomogeneous particles. The polyelectrolyte may have a positive or negative charge. The charge ratio R of total charge of the counterions to the total charge of the polyelectrolyte may be greater than 1.0.

A laminate comprises an ionomeric interlayer sheet which, in turn, comprises or is prepared from a sodium / zinc mixed ionomer that comprises carboxylate groups and a combination of counterions that consists essentially of sodium cations and zinc cations. The sodium / zinc mixed ionomer is the neutralization product of a precursor acid copolymer. The precursor acid copolymer comprises copolymerized units of an α-olefin and an α,β-ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid, and it has a melt flow rate of about 70 to about 1000 g / 10 min. In addition, the precursor acid copolymer, when neutralized to a level of about 40% to about 90%, and when comprising counterions that consist essentially of sodium ions, produces a sodium ionomer that has a freeze enthalpy that is not detectable or that is less than about 3.0 j / g, when determined by differential scanning calorimetry.

Various embodiments disclosed relate to a composition including a crosslinkable ampholyte polymer or a crosslinked product of the same, methods of making and using the composition, and systems including the composition. In various embodiments, the present invention provides a method of treating a subterranean formation. The method can include obtaining or providing a composition including a crosslinkable ampholyte polymer. The crosslinkable ampholyte polymer can include an ethylene repeating unit including a —C(O)NH2 group, an ethylene repeating unit including a —S(O)2OR1 group, and an ethylene repeating unit comprising an —N+R23X− group. At each occurrence, R1 can be independently selected from the group consisting of —H and a counterion. At each occurrence, R2 can be independently substituted or unsubstituted (C1-C20)hydrocarbyl. At each occurrence, X− can be independently a counterion. The composition can also include at least one crosslinker. The method can include placing the composition in a subterranean formation.

A lithium-ion rechargeable cell is described which contains an electrolyte comprising a pyrazolium cation, an imidazolium cation, or a combination thereof, as well as lithium ion, and at least one non-Lewis acid derived counter-ion. Electrochemical cells containing an anode, a cathode, and the ionic liquid electrolytes preferably have effective charge / discharge capacity and charging efficiency at low temperatures and at high temperatures.

Organic electronic devices having a conducting self-doped polymer buffer layer, particularly a self-doped polyaniline buffer layer, are described. Also described are organic light emitting diodes with buffer layers comprised of an intrinsically conducting polymer having no mobile counterions.

An electric double-layer capacitor comprising an electrode containing an activated carbon, an electrolytic solution containing an electrolyte and a separator, wherein the electrolyte is an imidazolium salt represented by the following formula (1) (wherein R and R′ each independently represent alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, R1 to R3 each independently represent hydrogen atom or alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms and X− represents a counter ion), and the activated carbon is produced by carbonizing an organic aerogel obtained by polymerizing a phenolic compound having at least one hydroxyl group in its molecule with an aldehyde compound in an aqueous solvent in the presence of a basic catalyst.

The invention provides for a formulation for coating one or more microprojections using a non-volatile counterion to improve solubility of a biologically active agent. The invention also includes formulations having a volatile counterion to reduce the solubility of a portion of the biologically active agent.

Surfactant combinations containing:(a) one or more alkyl ether sulfates;(b) at least one quaternary ammonium compound corresponding to formula I:in which EO is ethylene oxide, R and R′ are the same or different and represent alkyl groups, n1 is 0–30 n2 is 0–30, and A is a counterion;(c) 0 to 50% of one or more alkyl and / or aryl sulfonates;(d) 0 to 15% of one or more alkyl sulfates; and(e) 0 to 20% of one or more amphoteric surfactants, and water-based cleaning composition containing such surfactant combinations.

An endotoxin adsorption system of the present invention comprises a combination of a cation exchange resin having sodium as a counter ion and a cation exchange resin having sodium and one or more metal ions other than sodium as a counter ion, and adsorbs an endotoxin without decreasing of the concentration of cations.

A sodium / zinc mixed ionomer comprises carboxylate groups and a combination of counterions that consists essentially of sodium cations and zinc cations. The sodium / zinc mixed ionomer is the neutralization product of a precursor acid copolymer. The precursor acid copolymer comprises copolymerized units of an α-olefin and an α,β-ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid, and it has a melt flow rate of about 10 to about 4000 g / 10 min. In addition, the precursor acid copolymer, when neutralized to a level of about 40% to about 90%, and when comprising counterions that consist essentially of sodium ions, produces a sodium ionomer that has a freeze enthalpy that is not detectable or that is less than about 3.0 j / g, when determined by differential scanning calorimetry. Further provided are articles comprising or prepared from the sodium / zinc mixed ionomer.

A lithium energy storage device comprising at least one positive electrode, at least one negative electrode, and an ionic liquid electrolyte comprising bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (FSI) as the anion and a cation counterion, and lithium ions at a level of greater than 0.3 mol / kg of ionic liquid, and not more than 1.5 mol / kg of ionic liquid. Also described is a lithium energy storage device comprising an FSI ionic liquid electrolyte and LiBF4 or LiPF6 as the lithium salt. Also described is a lithium energy storage device comprising an FSI ionic liquid electrolyte and a positive electrode comprising lithium metal phosphate, in which the metal is a first-row transition metal, or a doped derivate thereof.

Positron emitting compounds and methods of their production are provided. The compounds have the formula: (F)m G (R)n wherein each R is a group comprising at least one carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus or sulfur atom and G is joined to R through said carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus or sulfur atom; G is silicon or boron; m is 2 to 5 and n is 1 to 3 with m+n=3 to 6 when G is silicon; m is 1 to 3 and n is 1 to 3 with m+n=3 to 4 when G is boron; and wherein the compound further comprises one or more counterions when the above formula is charged; and wherein at least one F is 18 F.

The compounds of the present invention relate to chain-extended and chain-modified analogues of salacinol, including embodiments where the sulfate moiety has been substituted with a carboxylate or phosphate moiety. In other embodiments the sulfate moiety has been shifted by one carbon atom in the zwitterionic structure. In another embodiment the polyhydroxylated side chain may be replaced with a lipophilic alkyl chain and a suitable counterion. The invention also encompasses methods for synthesizing the salacinol analogues and using the analogues for enzyme inhibition applications.

The invention relates to a method for producing the optically active alkanols of formula (I), wherein n is an integer of from 0 to 5; Cyc represents an optionally substituted, mononuclear or polynuclear, saturated or unsaturated, carbocylic or heterocyclic ring, and R1 represents halogen, SH, OH, NO2, NR2R3 or NR2R3R4+X−, wherein R2, R3 and R4 independently represent H or a lower alkyl or lower alkoxy group and X− represents a counterion. According to the invention, an enzyme (E) selected from the groups of dehydrogenases, aldehyde reductases and carbonyl reductases is incubated in a medium containing the alkanone of formula (II), wherein n, Cyc and R1 are defined as above, in the presence of reduction equivalents. The compound of formula (II) is enzymatically reduced to the compound of formula (I) and the reduction equivalents consumed during reaction are regenerated by reacting a sacrificial alcohol to the corresponding sacrificial ketone using enzyme (E) and at least partially removing the sacrificial ketone from the reaction medium, and then isolating the product (I) so produced.

A method for the encapsulation and triggered-release of water-soluble or water-dispersible materials. The method comprises a) providing an amount of electrolyte having a charge, b) providing an amount of counterion having a valence of at least 2, c) combining the polyelectrolyte and the counterion in a solution such that the polyelectrolyte self-assembles to form aggregates, d) adding a compound to be encapsulated, and e) adding nanoparticles to the solution such that nanoparticles arrange themselves around the aggregates. Release of the encapsulated species is triggered by disassembly or deformation of the microcapsules though disruption of the charge interactions. This method is specifically useful for the controlled viscosity reduction of the fracturing fluids commonly utilized in the oil field.

The invention provides conjugated polymers that have good solubility and semiconductivity, and that display high photoluminescent and electroluminescent efficiency. Representative polymers containing monomer units having the general structure of formula (I) wherein: Ar1 and Ar2 are independently selected from the group consisting of monocyclic, bicyclic and polycyclic arylene, heteroarylene, substituted arylene and substituted heteroarylene groups; L is alkylene, alkenylene, substituted alkylene, substituted alkenylene, heteroalkylene, heteroalkenylene, substituted heteroalkylene, substituted heteroalkenylene, arylene, heteroarylene, substituted arylene, substituted heteroarylene, or a combination thereof; Q is a heteroatom; m is zero or 1; p is zero or 1, and q is zero or 1, with the proviso that when p is zero, then q is zero; x is zero or 1; Q1 and Q2 are independently selected from the group consisting of H, aryl, heteroaryl, substituted aryl, substituted heteroaryl, alkyl, substituted alkyl, heteroalkyl, and substituted heteroalkyl, and Q3 is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, substituted alkyl, heteroalkyl, and substituted heteroalkyl, with the proviso that when m is 1, Q1 and Q2 are other than H; and A− is a negatively charged counterion. Electroluminescent and other devices containing a polymer of the invention are also provided.

A process for preparing regioselectively an optically active 1-halogeno-2-hydroxypropyl compound of the following formula; wherein X is halogen atom and Nu is a heteroatom having a substituent,and an optically active glycidyl compound of the formula; which comprises reacting an optically active epihalohydrin of the formula; with a neucleophilic agent,in the presence of a metal complex of the formula; wherein n is an integer of 0, 1 or 2, Y1, Y2 and Y3 are hydrogen atom, etc., and Y2 and Y3 may form a ring such as benzene, A is a counterion and M is a metal ion, and further subjecting the compound (4) to reaction with a base to prepare the optically active glycidyl compound (5).