Methods and apparatus for manipulation, detection, imaging, characterization, sorting and / or
assembly of biological or other materials, involving an integration of
CMOS or other
semiconductor-based technology and
microfluidics. In one implementation, various components relating to the generation of electric and / or magnetic fields are implemented on an IC
chip that is fabricated using standard protocols. The generated electric and / or magnetic fields are used to manipulate and / or detect one or more
dielectric and / or magnetic particles and distinguish different types of particles. A microfluidic
system is fabricated either directly on top of the IC
chip, or as a separate entity that is then appropriately bonded to the IC
chip, to facilitate the introduction and removal of cells in a biocompatible environment, or other particles / objects of interest suspended in a fluid. The patterned electric and / or magnetic fields generated by the IC chip can trap and move biological cells or other objects inside the microfluidic
system. Electric and / or
magnetic field generating components also may be controlled using signals of various frequencies so as to detect one or more cells, particles or objects of interest, and even the type of particle or object of interest, by measuring
resonance characteristics associated with interactions between samples and one or more of the field-generating devices. Such systems may be employed in a variety of biological and medical related applications, including
cell sorting and tissue
assembly.