The invention discloses a piezoelectric self-sensing based adjustable damper. The piezoelectric self-sensing based adjustable damper comprises an upper lifting lug, a dustproof cover, a piston rod, a guide seat assembly, a working cylinder barrel, a working piston assembly, a seal ring, a floating piston, a closed air chamber and a lower lifting lug, wherein the working piston assembly comprises a compression block, a limiting block, a limiting rod, a piezoelectric valve plate, a piston, a flow valve, a piston packing ring, a rebound valve, a preset normal open hole and a compression nut; the piezoelectric valve plate is formed by connecting a plurality of piezoelectric displacement units in series; each piezoelectric displacement unit is composed of a piezoelectric material stack layer and a displacement enlargement mechanism. The piezoelectric valve plate generates induced charge under the action of oil pressure, extracts induced voltage and exerts control voltage via a bridge circuit to change the size of the valve plate so that the size of a throttling area changes and a damping coefficient is adjustable. Based on the piezoelectric self-sensing effect, a sensor and an actuator are integrated on the same valve plate, the piezoelectric self-sensing based adjustable damper is simplified in structure, stable to control and high in dynamic response speed, and the capacity coupling is avoided.