The invention discloses an ultrasonic shot blasting device for shaft parts. The ultrasonic shot blasting device for the shaft parts comprises a workbench, an ultrasonic vibration device and a clampingdevice, and is characterized in that the ultrasonic vibration device consists of a transducer A, an amplitude-change pole A, a transducer B, an amplitude-change pole B and a circular tool head; the ultrasonic vibration device is mounted on the workbench through a support A and a support B; a through hole is formed in the workbench, a shot blasting chamber composed of a bottom plate, the annular tool head, an annular electromagnet and a top plate is arranged above the through hole, shots are placed in the shot blasting chamber, the shaft parts to be subjected to shot blasting are vertically placed through the clamping device and extend into the shot blasting chamber, and the clamping device is composed of a mechanical arm A, a mechanical arm B, a guide rail, a sensor A and a sensor B, thesensor A and the sensor B are mounted on the guide rail. According to the ultrasonic shot blasting device for the shaft parts, the annular tool head generates ultrasonic traveling waves under the combined action of two ultrasonic vibration heads, the shots are driven to conduct shot blasting treatment on the circumferential face of the shaft parts at the same time, and shot blasting uniformity isguaranteed.