The invention discloses a cable tensioning device for high-altitude power construction, which comprises a walking mechanism and a supporting plate, the supporting plate is mounted on one side of the walking mechanism, a steering mechanism, a swinging mechanism, a coiling mechanism and a return-preventing mechanism are mounted on the supporting plate, the steering mechanism is mounted at one end of the supporting plate, the swinging mechanism is installed on one side of the steering mechanism and matched with the winding mechanism, and the winding mechanism is installed on one side of the swinging mechanism. The device can automatically move to a telegraph pole, a worker does not need to carry the device, the labor intensity of the worker is greatly relieved, the cable winding mechanism in the device can tension a cable, the swinging mechanism can ensure that the cable is uniformly wound on the cable winding mechanism when the cable is tensioned, the subsequent worker can conveniently process the cable in a unified mode, the return-preventing mechanism can prevent the winding mechanism from rotating, and the wound cable is released again, so that the cable tensioning quality is ensured, and the cable tensioning efficiency is improved.