The invention relates to a sphericity measuring device and method based on the machine vision technology. The device comprises a base, a containing table, a background box, a control mechanism and animage collecting mechanism; a supporting base is installed at the bottom of the base, and multiple layers of rails are installed along at the top of the base along the peripheries; the image collecting mechanism comprises a top camera, a lateral camera and a camera support; the containing table comprises a containing frame, a containing base and an LED lamp belt, and the containing base is used for containing a to-be-measured object; the background box covers the containing frame, and multiple layers of circular second LED lamp belts are evenly distributed at the top of the background box; a lens of the top camera and a lens of the lateral camera extend into the background box from the top and the side face of the background box respectively and shoot an image of the to-be-measured object.Compared with a traditional measuring device and method, through the sphericity measuring device and method based on the machine vision technology, data processing is rapid and flexible, the scene anti-interference capacity is high, a composition error is small, the workload is small, the surface of the to-be-measured object cannot be damaged, the image of the to-be-measured object can also be well displayed, and the whole measurement information of the to-be-measured object is reflected.