The invention provides a food aroma collection device and a food aroma component determination method. the food aroma collection device is used for collecting volatile aroma substances of general food or dishes for subsequent flavor analysis, and the food aroma collection device comprises a gas cylinder, a volatilization bottle, a gas collection pump, a flow meter and an adsorption assembly which are sequentially communicated through a gas pipeline. According to the food aroma collection device, the volatilization bottle is adopted as a gas collecting container, and volatile components in food are collected in a carrier gas purging and gas pump acceleration mode and then are enriched through the adsorption assembly. The method has the characteristics of large sample capacity, good leakproofness, simplicity in sample placement, reutilization, large sampling amount and the like; and compared with a traditional method, the method has the advantages that more volatile aroma components can be better captured, a better pretreatment enrichment method is provided for qualitative detection of aroma components, particularly qualitative detection of trace components, and the detection accuracy is effectively improved.