153 results about "Transfer ratio" patented technology

A gas diffusion electrode for a proton exchange membrane fuel cell is prepared by electrodeposition of a catalytic metal in nanocrystalline form on a substrate by contacting an electrically conductive substrate and a counterelectrode with a plating bath containing ions of a metal to be deposited on the substrate and passing a pulsed electric current between the substrate and counterelectrode having pulses that are cathodic with respect to the substrate and have a short on-time and / or a short duty cycle with a frequency from about 10 hertz to about 5000 hertz. In a preferred embodiment the electric current is a modulated reversing electric current having pulses that are cathodic with respect to the substrate and pulses that are anodic with respect to the substrate, the cathodic pulses having a short on-time and / or short duty cycle, the charge transfer ratio of the cathodic pulses to the anodic pulses being greater than one, and the frequency of the pulses ranging from about 10 hertz to about 5 kilohertz.

A smooth layer of a metal is electroplated onto a microrough electrically conducting substrate by immersing the substrate and a counterelectrode in an electroplating bath of the metal to be electroplated and passing a modulated reversing electric current between the electrodes. The current contains pulses that are cathodic with respect to said substrate and pulses that are anodic with respect to said substrate. The cathodic pulses have a duty cycle less than about 50% and said anodic pulses have a duty cycle greater than about 50%, the charge transfer ratio of the cathodic pulses to the anodic pulses is greater than one, and the frequency of said pulses ranges from about 10 Hertz to about 12000 Hertz. The plating bath is substantially devoid of levelers and may be devoid of brighteners.

A smooth layer of a metal is electroplated onto a microrough electrically conducting substrate by immersing the substrate and a counterelectrode in an electroplating bath of the metal to be electroplated and passing a modulated reversing electric current between the electrodes. The current contains pulses that are cathodic with respect to said substrate and pulses that are anodic with respect to said substrate. The cathodic pulses have a duty cycle less than about 50% and said anodic pulses have a duty cycle greater than about 50%, the charge transfer ratio of the cathodic pulses to the anodic pulses is greater than one, and the frequency of said pulses ranges from about 10 Hertz to about 5000 Hertz.

A method for filling recesses of different sizes on a semiconductor substrate comprising immersing a semiconductor substrate having a surface provided with recesses of different sizes in an electroplating bath containing ions of a metal to be deposited on the surface; immersing a counter electrode in the plating bath; passing an electric current between the substrate and the counterelectrode; wherein, in a first electroplating step, the electric current is a modulated reversing electric current comprising a train of pulses that are cathodic with respect to the substrate and pulses that are anodic with respect to the substrate, whereby the pulse train in the first step has a first period, the cathodic pulses have an on-time of from about 0.83 microseconds to about 50 milliseconds and the anodic pulses have an on-time of from about 42 microseconds to about 99 milliseconds, the cathodic and anodic pulses have a charge transfer ratio of the cathodic pulses to the anodic pulses that is greater than one; in a second electroplating step, the electric current is a, modulated reversing electric current comprising a train of pulses that are cathodic with respect to the substrate.

A first ECU 30 detects a steering torque applied to a steering system, estimates a self-aligning torque generated in a front wheel on the basis of the steering torque, and estimates a side force for the front wheel on the basis of lateral acceleration and a yaw rate. The first ECU 30 estimates a grip factor ε for the front wheel on the basis of a change of the self-aligning torque to the side force. The first ECU 30 judges whether the grip factor is below a second OS (oversteer) start threshold value. A second ECU 40 controls the transfer ratio according to the vehicle state when the grip factor is less than the second OS start threshold value.

There is provided a steering system allowing a comfortable steering operation even if a driver quickly turns a steering wheel when a transfer ratio is quickened in a low vehicle speed range. In the steering system that changes the transfer ratio of a steering angle of the steering wheel to a turning angle of a turning wheel by a variable transfer ratio mechanism and generates auxiliary power by an electric power steering unit, a variable transfer ratio mechanism controlling ECU has a switching section for switching a transfer ratio modulating mode of setting a rotational angle of a transfer ratio variable motor used in the variable transfer ratio mechanism so that the transfer ratio is set at a target transfer ratio corresponding to vehicle speed with a steering torque modulating mode of reducing an electric current for driving the motor so as to reduce steering power of the steering wheel.

A first ECU 30 detects a steering torque applied to a steering system, estimates a self-aligning torque generated in a front wheel on the basis of the steering torque, and estimates a side force for the front wheel on the basis of lateral acceleration and a yaw rate. The first ECU 30 estimates a grip factor ε for the front wheel on the basis of a change of the self-aligning torque to the side force. The first ECU 30 judges whether the grip factor is below a second OS (oversteer) start threshold value. A second ECU 40 controls the transfer ratio according to the vehicle state when the grip factor is less than the second OS start threshold value.

An image forming apparatus includes: an image carrier; a toner image forming unit that forms a toner image on the image carrier; a transfer unit that transfers the toner image on the image carrier to a transfer target having ridges and valleys on a surface thereof; an adjusting unit that adjusts a ratio of A / B, where A is a transfer ratio [%] from the image carrier to a valley portion of the transfer target while B is a transfer ratio [%] from the image carrier to a ridge portion of the transfer target, based on an adjustment input by a user; and a control unit that controls a transfer condition of the transfer unit based on the ratio of A / B adjusted by the adjusting unit.

The invention discloses a test bench of the comprehensive performance of an air spring, and belongs to the technical field of vehicle engineering. The test bench can effectively achieve the aims of carrying out the vertical, transverse and twisting tests of the air spring at the same time and simulating the actual working states of the air spring. A rack of the test bench is in a four stand column type, a bearing platform is arranged in the middle of the rack, a device for bearing balance weight is arranged above the rack, a sensor is arranged below the rack, each stand column of the rack is provided with a cone-shaped fixing nut, a vertical hydraulic actuator which is arranged in a plane triangle mode is arranged below a workbench, and the volume of an additional air chamber is adjustable. The influence to the dynamics performance of the air spring by regional environment with different temperatures can be simulated by an external air conditioner system, multi-dimensional simulation is applied to the air spring through a shock excitation source, changes of loads and deflection of the air spring under the conditions with different environment temperatures and physical parameters are measured, and parameters such as dynamic stiffness, static stiffness, damping ratio and transfer ratio of the air spring are calculated through parameters of vibration characteristics. The test bench is mainly used for testing the comprehensive performance of the air spring.

The invention relates to a new installment for having ultrahigh voltage. It includes 6 hammer heads (4) of 6 sides presser synchronization drive, supercharging unit (1) composed of 8 cubes (6) which cutting one corner each and octahedron synthesis blocks (8) used for holding the synthesis raw material in the internal. Thereinto, putting the turbo-charged unit (1) into the hexahedron high pressure octahedron cavity (9) made of cubes (6) which matches with the unit, and putting the octahedron synthesis block (8) into the octahedron high pressure cavity made of cubes which matches with the block, the deformation strutting whose hardness is smaller than the tangential angle cube is filled among the eight cubes (6) which compose the turbo-charged unit. Composed to the second-level six - octahedron static high pressure installment based on two sides skeleton heads in existence, it is simple structure, high intensity of pressure transfer ratio, few energy consumption of the movement, few service work load and so on.

A steering assisting system has a variable transfer ratio steering apparatus and an electric power steering apparatus. The variable transfer ratio steering apparatus has an electric motor for a rotation transfer ratio varying operation. When a predetermined failure occurs in the electric power steering apparatus, the motor is driven to assist the steering operation of the steering wheel. Therefore, without providing the electric power steering apparatus in two sets, the power-assisting torque generation can be continued even when the electric power steering apparatus fails to generate the power-assisting torque.

An air inflatable mattress and mattress coverlet are provided for the prevention and treatment of decubitus ulcers (i.e., pressure sores or bedsores). The mattress incorporates a user selectable static or alternating air powered support surface for more uniformly redistributing pressure exerted on a patient's skin. The mattress coverlet encompasses a low air loss feature independent of the mattress's user selectable air powered support surface. Such low air loss feature provides a patient contact surface exhibiting a high moisture vapor transfer ratio in conjunction with a forced air flow to aid in reducing the moisture and heat near the patient's body. Both the mattress and mattress coverlet are driven by an external control system which houses the user controls, as well as the necessary pumps, regulators, and valving.

The invention supplies a method to gain network time-out re-transferring time span that could gain the time span between gaining send request report and receiving the response report and calculate the time-out re-transferring time span. The invention also supplies a method for network data transferring that includes the following steps: sending request report; receiving response report; gaining the time span between the previous two steps; calculate the time span of time-out re-transferring; when transferring next data, sending request report according the time span. The invention could make the most of bandwidth and improve data transferring ratio.

The invention discloses subway short-term passenger flow forecasting method based on LS-SVM and real-time big data. The method includes the following steps: (1) obtaining passenger in-out time and passenger out-in time, and obtaining passenger historical travel station OD coefficient; 2, adopt a Logit model to calculate that route selection probability of passengers involved in the route selectionof the ring line; 3, By using the historical OD coefficient to train the LS-SVM model to obtain the ratio coefficient of up-to-down route and up-to-down route. Using passenger flow data in and out ofthe station to train LS-SVM model to obtain the passenger entry and exit forecasts. 4, calculate that transfer ratio of the transfer station by adopting the OD coefficient and the Logit model, and carry out correction through the real-time video identification technology; Step 5, obtaining the distribution of passengers in the road network and updating the road network. The invention obtains useful real-time data through a screening system and corrects the prediction result, thereby obtaining the prediction result with higher accuracy and real-time performance.

A maximum power point tracking (MPPT) device is provided that includes a converter, having a switched mode topology, where the switched mode topology includes a boost topology that establishes a variable transfer ratio between a variable input voltage and a variable output voltage of the converter, where the switched mode topology changes according to a power load on a power generator. The MPPT device further includes a control section, where the control section maximizes an output power of the power generator by controlling the variable transfer ratio, where the MPPT device optimizes an electrical operating point of the power generator.

Circuits and methods for automatically controlling lightwave emitters are provided. A control system is provided that includes a variable gain circuit for automatically adjusting the gain of a control signal with respect to a feedback signal, a modulation signal, and a reference signal. This allows the optical output of the lightwave emitter to remain substantially constant despite changes in transfer ratio due to aging or temperature variations. Furthermore, in some embodiments, a user may select the overall gain of the system to optimize response time, bandwidth, or steady-state accuracy.

A variator for a toroidal transmission, with a driving disk and with a driven disk, between which is set up a toroidal space which defines a toroidal reference circle. The variator, further, comprises at least two rollers which are arranged in the toroidal space for torque transfer between the driving disk and the driven disk. The rollers are in each case mounted rotatably on a roller carrier. The roller carriers are in each case spatially adjustable by means of a piston / cylinder arrangement, in order to adjust the transfer ratio of the variator. The pistons of the piston / cylinder arrangements are in each case adjustable along a stroke axis. Also, the pistons are connected to the roller carriers via respective levers.

A maximum power point tracking (MPPT) device is provided that includes a converter, having a switched mode topology, where the switched mode topology includes a boost topology that establishes a variable transfer ratio between a variable input voltage and a variable output voltage of the converter, where the switched mode topology changes according to a power load on a power generator. The MPPT device further includes a control section, where the control section maximizes an output power of the power generator by controlling the variable transfer ratio, where the MPPT device optimizes an electrical operating point, of the power generator.

An optical absorption gas sensor for detecting an analyte gas comprises a gas sample receiving chamber, at least one light emitting diode (LED) and a photodiode or other photosensor. A plurality of light pulses are generated by passing pulses of current through the at least one LED. The current through the at least one LED is measured a plurality of times during each pulse and taken into account when generating a compensated output signal. The transfer ratio between LED current and photodiode output signal is calculated a plurality of times during each pulse. An ADC measures the LED and photodiode currents alternately. The LED pulses are generated by inductor discharge flyback and the period of time for which current is supplied to the inductor prior to each pulse is selected so that the photodiode output current is at an optimal region within the input range of the ADC. At least the temperature of the at least one LED is measured and taken into account when generating the compensated output signal. Thus, rather than providing especially careful control of the LED pulses, the pulses are measured, enabling a simpler, lower power circuit which is tolerant of variations in temperature to be provided.

The present invention discloses a method to prepare chloroethylene by a circulated flow bed reaction device and the corresponding device, which belongs to the chemical technical process and device technology region. Two or more than two gas distributing devices are arranged inside of the flow bed, which divide the flow bed into two or more than two catalyzer zones; a fan is arranged outside of the flow bed, which can make part of products circulate after being pressured and then enters the flow bed again; the design can make the catalyzer zones in a better flow state so as to guarantee the much better heat-exchange effect between the bed level and the heat-exchange interface; besides, the stability of the device and the elasticity of the operation can be enhanced; the low-temperature catalyzer zone in the upper level can decrease the temperature for the reaction gas, and then extract the included hydrargyrum so as to decrease the environment pollution because of the losing of hydrargyrum; the catalyzer in each catalyzer zone is circulated termly so as to use the catalyzing function for hydrargyrum enough. The flow bed reaction device and technology in the present invention has the advantages of high transfer ratio of ethyne, good diathermancy, even temperature of the bed level, good controlled ability and elastic operation and so on.

The invention relates to a digital DC / DC flyback converter without optical coupling isolation comprising a digital control unit, a primary side switch unit, an input bus unit, an isolated variable voltage unit, a secondary side rectify unit, an isolated drive unit, an energy storage filtering unit and a load. The flyback converter samples the output voltage by increasing a feedback winding in the isolated variable voltage unit without feedback by optical coupler, which solves the problem of unstable output voltage brought by the nonlinear drift along the temperature of the optical current transfer ratio. The secondary side rectify unit adopts MOSFET tube instead of the rectifier diode, which improves the output power of the flyback converter, realizes the closed loop control by digital technique, overcomes the problems of the aging components in the simulation control loop, the unstable loop caused by temperature drift and that the controller parameter and the output voltage is not easy to regulate or the like, has advantages of high reliability, flexible design or the like.

An object of the present invention is to provide a steering system which does not cause the driver to feel the steering reactive force shock when the operation of the steering wheel is stopped, and which enables the driver to operate the steering wheel comfortably. In order to achieve the above object, there is provided a steering system in which a transfer ratio of a steering angle of a steering wheel to a turning angle of a turning wheel is changed by a variable transfer ratio mechanism, and an auxiliary power is generated during steering by an electric power steering, including: a transfer ratio variable motor for changing the transfer ratio, in which a steering angular velocity of the steering wheel is calculated, and when an absolute value of the steering angular velocity becomes equal to or less than a predetermined value, a current value flowing through the transfer ratio variable motor is set to zero.

The invention discloses a design method of a linear quadratic Gaussian (LQG) controller used for vehicle rolling motion safety of an active suspension. The method includes: selecting a lateral-load transfer ratio, a rolling angular acceleration, and a rolling angle to establish a vehicle rolling motion safety comprehensive performance index based on a state equation of a vehicle three-degree-of-freedom steering-rolling motion model; in order to overcome the defect that the conventional LQG controller cannot track a front-wheel steering angle as an interference variable, performing differential deformation on the front-wheel steering angle to satisfy a minimum phase system, assembling an augmented system equation by the front-wheel steering angle after differential deformation and the original system state equation, and rewriting the vehicle rolling motion safety comprehensive performance index with a new state variable; introducing an infinitesimal quantity containing a control item into the new comprehensive performance evaluation index to satisfy the design condition of the LQG controller; and finally, calculating the active control force of the vehicle active suspension according to the conventional design method of the LQG controller aiming at the new state equation and the vehicle rolling motion safety comprehensive performance index.

The invention relates to a dynamic section control method based on a power flow transfer ratio. The method comprises the following steps: switching off each branch one by one, detecting the load rates of branches which are not switched off gradually, judging whether or not the load rates of certain branches in the branches which are not switched off are greater than a preset load rate threshold value, and if so, selecting corresponding switch-off branches as key branches; calculating the power flow transfer ratio of each branch with a direct-current power flow algorithm; judging whether or not the power flow transfer ratios of the branches are greater than a preset power flow transfer ratio threshold value, if so, selecting the branches for serving as strong correlation branches, wherein the strong correlation branches and the key branches construct a power transmission section; acquiring a dynamic ultimate expression of the power transmission section according to the power flow transfer ratios, load fluctuating power, rated active power and a generator switchable amount or a load switchable amount; and controlling section power flow according to a power transmission distribution factor and the dynamic ultimate expression of the power transmission section. The dynamic section control method is suitable for the complex change of a power grid running way, accurate in results, small in calculation amount, convenient and practical.

A stainless steel plate is manufactured by performing temper rolling using a dull roller after the finish cold rolling and bright annealing. The stainless steel plate has an arithmetic mean roughness Ra of 0.2 to 1.2 μm in a direction perpendicular to the rolling direction of the steel plate surface. Furthermore, the stainless steel plate has a transfer ratio of 15 to 70% which is an area ratio of a portion onto which a dull pattern is transferred relative to the steel plate surface. In addition, the micro-pits being formed in the steel plate surface, having a depth of 0.5 μm or more, and having an opening area of 10 μm2 or more, have an existing density in the steel plate surface of 10.0 or less per 0.01 mm2, and an opening area ratio in the steel plate surface of 1.0% or less.

The invention discloses a double-air-spring comprehensive performance test bench, belonging to the technical field of vehicle engineering. The dynamics problems of key components which are a height valve, a pressure valve and an anti-rolling torsion bar in an air spring in the process of vehicle running can be effectively simulated. The double-air-spring comprehensive performance test bench comprises a multi-direction actuator working table, an additional air chamber, an air inflation and exhaustion system and counterweights, and an upper end counterweight only limits longitudinal motion. Multi-dimensional and multiphase excitations are applied to double air springs, under the different temperature conditions, the load, deflection change, and vehicle lateral and vertical acceleration and displacements of the air springs under different physical parameter conditions are measured, the dynamical parameters of the air spring such as every direction dynamic rigidity, a damping ratio, a displacement transfer ratio and an acceleration transfer ratio are calculated according to vibration performance parameters, two-point control and four-point control are compared, thus an air spring dynamics performance test is completed, and the operation stability parameters of the vehicle is obtained. The double-air-spring comprehensive performance test bench is mainly used for a double-air-spring comprehensive performance test.

A steering assisting system has a variable transfer ratio steering apparatus and an electric power steering apparatus. The variable transfer ratio steering apparatus has an electric motor for a rotation transfer ratio varying operation. When a predetermined failure occurs in the electric power steering apparatus, the motor is driven to assist the steering operation of the steering wheel. Therefore, without providing the electric power steering apparatus in two sets, the power-assisting torque generation can be continued even when the electric power steering apparatus fails to generate the power-assisting torque.

In an ON / OFF type isolated DC-DC converter that stores electromagnetic energy in a main transformer during an ON period of a power switch and releases the electromagnetic energy to an output during an OFF period of the power switch, high-speed, highly stable output voltage control without the need for a photocoupler, for which the allowable temperature range is relatively narrow and the current transfer ratio changes over time, is performed. An integrating circuit including a resistor and a capacitor generates a ramp wave, and the ramp wave is superposed on a reference voltage of a reference voltage source Vref through a capacitor. A comparator compares a voltage Vo that is proportional to an output voltage of a converter with the reference voltage on which the ramp wave has been superposed, and transmits an inversion timing signal through a pulse transformer. During an ON period of a power switch, when the voltage Vo that is proportional to the output voltage exceeds the reference voltage on which the ramp wave has been superposed, the comparator is inverted and the power switch is turned OFF.