153 results about "Transfer ratio" patented technology

A method for filling recesses of different sizes on a semiconductor substrate comprising immersing a semiconductor substrate having a surface provided with recesses of different sizes in an electroplating bath containing ions of a metal to be deposited on the surface; immersing a counter electrode in the plating bath; passing an electric current between the substrate and the counterelectrode; wherein, in a first electroplating step, the electric current is a modulated reversing electric current comprising a train of pulses that are cathodic with respect to the substrate and pulses that are anodic with respect to the substrate, whereby the pulse train in the first step has a first period, the cathodic pulses have an on-time of from about 0.83 microseconds to about 50 milliseconds and the anodic pulses have an on-time of from about 42 microseconds to about 99 milliseconds, the cathodic and anodic pulses have a charge transfer ratio of the cathodic pulses to the anodic pulses that is greater than one; in a second electroplating step, the electric current is a, modulated reversing electric current comprising a train of pulses that are cathodic with respect to the substrate.

A first ECU 30 detects a steering torque applied to a steering system, estimates a self-aligning torque generated in a front wheel on the basis of the steering torque, and estimates a side force for the front wheel on the basis of lateral acceleration and a yaw rate. The first ECU 30 estimates a grip factor ε for the front wheel on the basis of a change of the self-aligning torque to the side force. The first ECU 30 judges whether the grip factor is below a second OS (oversteer) start threshold value. A second ECU 40 controls the transfer ratio according to the vehicle state when the grip factor is less than the second OS start threshold value.

A steering assisting system has a variable transfer ratio steering apparatus and an electric power steering apparatus. The variable transfer ratio steering apparatus has an electric motor for a rotation transfer ratio varying operation. When a predetermined failure occurs in the electric power steering apparatus, the motor is driven to assist the steering operation of the steering wheel. Therefore, without providing the electric power steering apparatus in two sets, the power-assisting torque generation can be continued even when the electric power steering apparatus fails to generate the power-assisting torque.

An air inflatable mattress and mattress coverlet are provided for the prevention and treatment of decubitus ulcers (i.e., pressure sores or bedsores). The mattress incorporates a user selectable static or alternating air powered support surface for more uniformly redistributing pressure exerted on a patient's skin. The mattress coverlet encompasses a low air loss feature independent of the mattress's user selectable air powered support surface. Such low air loss feature provides a patient contact surface exhibiting a high moisture vapor transfer ratio in conjunction with a forced air flow to aid in reducing the moisture and heat near the patient's body. Both the mattress and mattress coverlet are driven by an external control system which houses the user controls, as well as the necessary pumps, regulators, and valving.

An optical absorption gas sensor for detecting an analyte gas comprises a gas sample receiving chamber, at least one light emitting diode (LED) and a photodiode or other photosensor. A plurality of light pulses are generated by passing pulses of current through the at least one LED. The current through the at least one LED is measured a plurality of times during each pulse and taken into account when generating a compensated output signal. The transfer ratio between LED current and photodiode output signal is calculated a plurality of times during each pulse. An ADC measures the LED and photodiode currents alternately. The LED pulses are generated by inductor discharge flyback and the period of time for which current is supplied to the inductor prior to each pulse is selected so that the photodiode output current is at an optimal region within the input range of the ADC. At least the temperature of the at least one LED is measured and taken into account when generating the compensated output signal. Thus, rather than providing especially careful control of the LED pulses, the pulses are measured, enabling a simpler, lower power circuit which is tolerant of variations in temperature to be provided.

An antenna assembly includes an antenna housing, an antenna located within the housing, a radio frequency (RF) module located within the housing and connected to the antenna, and a wire assembly operably associated with the module. The module includes a radio frequency device, such as a transmitter, receiver or transceiver, electrically connected to the antenna. The wire assembly includes electrical wires for providing external power to the module and conducting processed signals between the module and external circuitry. The proximal nature of the antenna and RF module reduces or eliminates induced power losses between the antenna and module, resulting in a very effective power transfer ratio. A conductive sleeve is located in the housing and surrounds the RF module. The conductive sleeve is electrically connected to the module to thereby provide a ground plane for the antenna and a shield against outside emissions. A spacer located between the sleeve and the mounting base together with a step between the sleeve and the wire assembly provide a choke effect for the RF energy.

The present invention discloses a method to prepare chloroethylene by a circulated flow bed reaction device and the corresponding device, which belongs to the chemical technical process and device technology region. Two or more than two gas distributing devices are arranged inside of the flow bed, which divide the flow bed into two or more than two catalyzer zones; a fan is arranged outside of the flow bed, which can make part of products circulate after being pressured and then enters the flow bed again; the design can make the catalyzer zones in a better flow state so as to guarantee the much better heat-exchange effect between the bed level and the heat-exchange interface; besides, the stability of the device and the elasticity of the operation can be enhanced; the low-temperature catalyzer zone in the upper level can decrease the temperature for the reaction gas, and then extract the included hydrargyrum so as to decrease the environment pollution because of the losing of hydrargyrum; the catalyzer in each catalyzer zone is circulated termly so as to use the catalyzing function for hydrargyrum enough. The flow bed reaction device and technology in the present invention has the advantages of high transfer ratio of ethyne, good diathermancy, even temperature of the bed level, good controlled ability and elastic operation and so on.

The invention discloses a design method of a linear quadratic Gaussian (LQG) controller used for vehicle rolling motion safety of an active suspension. The method includes: selecting a lateral-load transfer ratio, a rolling angular acceleration, and a rolling angle to establish a vehicle rolling motion safety comprehensive performance index based on a state equation of a vehicle three-degree-of-freedom steering-rolling motion model; in order to overcome the defect that the conventional LQG controller cannot track a front-wheel steering angle as an interference variable, performing differential deformation on the front-wheel steering angle to satisfy a minimum phase system, assembling an augmented system equation by the front-wheel steering angle after differential deformation and the original system state equation, and rewriting the vehicle rolling motion safety comprehensive performance index with a new state variable; introducing an infinitesimal quantity containing a control item into the new comprehensive performance evaluation index to satisfy the design condition of the LQG controller; and finally, calculating the active control force of the vehicle active suspension according to the conventional design method of the LQG controller aiming at the new state equation and the vehicle rolling motion safety comprehensive performance index.

The invention relates to a dynamic section control method based on a power flow transfer ratio. The method comprises the following steps: switching off each branch one by one, detecting the load rates of branches which are not switched off gradually, judging whether or not the load rates of certain branches in the branches which are not switched off are greater than a preset load rate threshold value, and if so, selecting corresponding switch-off branches as key branches; calculating the power flow transfer ratio of each branch with a direct-current power flow algorithm; judging whether or not the power flow transfer ratios of the branches are greater than a preset power flow transfer ratio threshold value, if so, selecting the branches for serving as strong correlation branches, wherein the strong correlation branches and the key branches construct a power transmission section; acquiring a dynamic ultimate expression of the power transmission section according to the power flow transfer ratios, load fluctuating power, rated active power and a generator switchable amount or a load switchable amount; and controlling section power flow according to a power transmission distribution factor and the dynamic ultimate expression of the power transmission section. The dynamic section control method is suitable for the complex change of a power grid running way, accurate in results, small in calculation amount, convenient and practical.

In an ON / OFF type isolated DC-DC converter that stores electromagnetic energy in a main transformer during an ON period of a power switch and releases the electromagnetic energy to an output during an OFF period of the power switch, high-speed, highly stable output voltage control without the need for a photocoupler, for which the allowable temperature range is relatively narrow and the current transfer ratio changes over time, is performed. An integrating circuit including a resistor and a capacitor generates a ramp wave, and the ramp wave is superposed on a reference voltage of a reference voltage source Vref through a capacitor. A comparator compares a voltage Vo that is proportional to an output voltage of a converter with the reference voltage on which the ramp wave has been superposed, and transmits an inversion timing signal through a pulse transformer. During an ON period of a power switch, when the voltage Vo that is proportional to the output voltage exceeds the reference voltage on which the ramp wave has been superposed, the comparator is inverted and the power switch is turned OFF.