The invention relates to a storage container for lunar soil samples realized by three-axis compression and locking with a variable inner diameter, comprising an upper sealing cover, an outer barrel, an elastic inner barrel, an inner diameter shrinking wedge, an annular linkage mechanism, an axially tightening elastic member, and an elastic inner barrel Sleeved in the outer barrel, the ring linkage mechanism is set between the elastic inner barrel and the outer barrel; the bottom wall of the outer barrel is provided with a slope, the lower end of the ring linkage mechanism is in contact with the slope and can move relative to the slope, and the upper end of the ring linkage mechanism is in contact with the inner diameter contraction wedge The wedge-shaped slope of the block is in contact with and can move relative to the shrinking wedge of the inner diameter; one end of the axially tightening elastic member is connected with the bottom wall of the outer barrel, and the other end is fixed with a slider that can seal and slide in the elastic inner barrel; the upper sealing cover is fastened On the top of the outer barrel, and by squeezing the inner diameter contraction wedge, the upper and lower ends of the ring linkage mechanism slide along the wedge-shaped slope and the slope respectively, so as to realize the radial contraction of the elastic inner barrel, and at the same time compress the axially tightening elastic member. The invention can preserve the original bedding information of lunar soil samples as much as possible.