80 results about "Harvest season" patented technology

The invention belongs to the field of edible fungus cultivation and discloses a method for cultivating edible fungi by rape pod shells, which comprises the steps of selecting edible fungus cultivation varieties, manufacturing strains, collecting and processing rape pod shells, preparing culture medium formula, accumulating for fermentation, bagging for inoculation, discharging the bag for fruiting and the like and is characterized in that edible fungus cultivated species are prepared one month before the harvest of rape so as to ensure the harvest season of the strains to be synchronous with that of the rape pod shells, and the harvested rape pod shells are dewaxed harmlessly firstly and then are mixed with cottonseed hulls and accessories to form the culture medium used for edible fungus cultivation. The invention utilizes the rape pod shells instead of the cottonseed hulls as the main raw materials of the edible fungi, can make full use of straw resources and save the production cost of the edible fungi, improves the economic efficiency of mushroom cultivation by 30-50% for farmers, and can be popularized and applied in vast rural areas.

The invention discloses a split-range drying method for paddy. The method has the technical points: performing preliminary cleaning and hot air drying on harvested high-moisture paddy, tempering, redrying and retempering the paddy, and keeping the ratio of the drying time to the tampering time within the range from 1 to 6 until the moisture content is reduced to 18.5 to 18 percent; conveying the paddy into a paddy temporary storage warehouse for slow cooling, ventilation and temporary storage; performing the hot air drying on the paddy of the temporary storage warehouse with a dryer after the paddy harvest season, retempering, drying and retempering the paddy, keeping the ratio of the drying time to the tampering time within the range from 1 to 8 until the moisture of the paddy is reduced to be below 14.5 percent; and conveying the paddy to a warehouse for storage. The method has the advantages of improving the moisture reducing rate and the utilization efficiency of the paddy dryer, reducing the loss after the paddy production caused by high moisture during the concentrated paddy harvest season, ensuring the safety for dry storage of the foodstuffs and having obvious economic benefit and social benefit on the premise of ensuring the drying quality of the paddy.

The present invention is related to a smartphone-implemented method of obtaining fishing or hunting license, comprising the steps of:a) Establishing online communication between a smartphone and a fishing and hunting license server;b) downloading a fishing and hunting license application to the smartphone;c) selecting the state and county in which the fishing or hunting activity will be performed;d) selecting the animal right the fisherman or hunter is planning to catch or hunt;e) reading and accepting the animal information, including slot, bag and harvest season limits and regulations;f) selecting the type of license needed for performing the fishing or hunting activity;g) inserting the fisherman's or hunter's personal information;h) paying the license fees;i) validating the user data and the payment information data;j) issuing and sending the license certificate from the fishing and hunting license server;k) storing the license certificate in the smartphone memory.By using the above mentioned online application, the user is able to obtain a fishing or hunting license without the need of going to a specialized store.

The invention discloses a high-yield wasp greenhouse breeding method. The method includes that a nest box and a hanging bracket are arranged in a sealed greenhouse; well-bred same standard swarms are moved to the greenhouse, the swarms can be both 'scoliid' and 'gourd bees', 3-5 swarms for each greenhouse, temperature, humidity and light are controlled manually, sufficient baits, beverage and nesting materials are provided, wasps are bred in the greenhouse all manually, bee venom is collected through a bee venom collector, bee pupa nest cakes are selected and cut via broken nest shell holes in bee pupa harvest seasons, broken nest cake layers are plugged and fixedly connected, nest shells are restored and covered, the bee pupa nest cakes of each swarm can be cut interruptedly and repeatedly. The method is safe, high yield is achieved, various shortcomings of wild breeding of the wasps are overcome, and the method is practical.

The invention discloses a frozen boiled fennel flavor lobsterling with whole limbs and a fresh-keeping preparation method thereof. The invention solves the problem that the lobsterling with the whole limbs can be supplied to consumer market all the year around after the harvest season of the lobsterling, and the invention develops a wide market for the large-scale breeding of lobsterling and the catering of the public.

The invention discloses an extraction method of wolfberry polysaccharide, comprising the following steps: A picking wolfberry; B grinding the fresh wolfberry into homogeneous pulp using a pulp grinder; C pouring the homogeneous pulp into a container; D microwave processing the homogeneous pulp to 50-100 centigrade and boiling the homogeneous pulp for 10-60 minute; E stopping the microwave processing and adding the purified water into the boiled pulp and continuously stirring up the pulp until the temperature is reduced to 50-80 centigrade; F inserting an ultrasonic rod to perform ultrasonic treatment for 20-90 minute; G processing the pulp being subjected to ultrasonic treatment using an industry centrifuges at 3000-5000 r and spilling out the supernatant and decompression concentrating H at 60-90 degree and adding alcohol until the final alcohol concentration is 80-90% and separating and precipitating the mixture using the industry centrifuges at 3000-5000 r to obtain the polysaccharide raw powder or coarse paste. The extraction method has features of high efficiency, energy saving and quick extraction speed. The extraction method solves the problem that the work for drying the wolfberry is heavy and the energy source is waste in Northwest China in harvest season and the extraction technology of the wolfberry polysaccharide is increased and the wolfberry polysaccharide yield is increased.

A sugar-free guava and papaya beverage and a preparation method thereof. The sugar-free guava and papaya drinks are composed of the following components: 5-10% guava juice, 10-15% papaya juice, 2-4% xylitol, 0.06-0.075% aspartame, 0.2-0.45% Xanthan gum, 0.03% potassium sorbate and the balance drinking water. The sugar-free guava and papaya drink provided by the invention is made from guava juice and papaya juice, which is not only rich in various beneficial nutrients for human body, but also has a good taste, and is not limited by the fruit harvest season. Therefore, consumers can eat it all year round, so the market application prospect is very broad. In addition, this drink does not contain sugar, so it is very suitable for diabetics. In addition, the preparation method is simple and convenient to operate.

The invention relates to a pickling method of pickled capsicums which uses green and unripe capsicums collected in late autumn and early winter as main raw material. The pickling method comprises the following steps: cleaning, drying, preparing seasonings and adding seasonings for pickling. Late autumn and early winter are the harvest seasons of capsicum in northern China, but vegetable farmers are worried that a lot of green and unripe capsicums have bad appearance when sold as the commercial capsicum and do not have enough spiciness when dried to prepare dry capsicums. The invention uses the green and unripe capsicums collected in late autumn and early winter as main raw material, the recipe is unique, the product is delicious, the technology is simple and is easy to operate, and no preservative is added in the product, thus the product is an ideal salted vegetable product.

It is intended to provide an agent for improving sugarcane Brix which increases the sugar productivity from pressed juice after harvesting and promotes ripening when applied to sugarcane and, therefore, by which a sugar yield comparable to sugarcane harvested at the best harvest season can be established even from sugarcane before reaching the harvest season, which comprises at least one member of the compounds represented by the following general formula (I)wherein A represents an oxygen atom, a sulfur atom, or a hydroxymethylene group; Y represents a carboxyl group, an alkyloxycarbonyl group, a halogenated methylsulfonylamino group or a diphenylmethylideneiminoxycarbonyl group, either in a free form or forming a salt; and R represents a halogen atom, an alkyl group, a hydroxy-, alkoxy- or alkoxyiminoalkyl group or a 4,6-dimethoxypyrimidin-2-yloxy group, or Y and R may be bonded together to form a group —C(═O)—O—CH(CH3)—.

A rose and lotus mist drink and a preparation method thereof. Among them, the rose and lotus mist drinks are composed of the following components: 1-10% roses, 5-20% lotus mist juice, 3-10% white sugar, 0.03-0.15% citric acid, 0.01-0.03% xanthan gum, 0.01-0.05% gellan gum, 0.03% potassium sorbate and the rest drinking water. The rose and lotus mist drinks provided by the present invention are made from roses and lotus mist as main raw materials, which are not only rich in various beneficial nutrients for the human body, but also have a good taste, and are not limited by the fruit harvest season, so Consumers can eat it all year round, so the market application prospect is very broad. In addition, the preparation method is simple and convenient to operate.

The invention discloses a sweet corn can and a production process thereof. The sweet corns can be produced into cans in the harvest season so that people can eat the sweet corns perennially. The specific process disclosed by the invention comprises the following steps of: raw material treatment, raw material preparation, heating and condensing, canning and cover sealing, sterilizing and cooling, temperature keeping and checking, and finished-products warehousing. The invention has the following beneficial effects that the sweet corn can produced by the method keeps the nutrient elements and flavors of the sweet corns, has good mouth feeling and is suitable for all different ages of persons to eat.

The invention provides black fruit drink and a preparation method thereof. The black fruit drink consists of the following components: 5-20% of mulberry juice, 4-6% of dark plum juice, 4-6% of black gallon juice, 18-22% of black grape juice, 5-10% of white sugar, 0.1-0.3% of xanthan gum, 0.1-0.3% of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, 0.03% of potassium sorbate and the balance of drinking water. The black fruit drink is made by taking the mulberry juice, the dark plum juice, the black gallon juice and the black grape juice as raw materials. The black fruit drink comprises various nutrient components which are beneficial to people health and has good taste. Besides, the production of the black fruit drink is not limited by fruit harvest season, so that the black fruit drink can be eaten throughout the year and has extremely wide market application prospects. The preparation method is simple and convenient to operate.

The invention relates to a planting method of aralia elata seem in winter. The technical process of the invention includes: a, building a sunlight greenhouse; b, constructing a geothermic culturing hot bed; c, filling asbestos cuttage groundmass, d, collecting the branches of aralia elata seem and cutting thereof into sections; e, cutting the branch sections of aralia elata seem; f, carrying out liquid medicine treatment on the cutting branches, g, managing the aralia elata seem culturing, h, harvesting aralia elata seem. The aralia elata seem cultured by the invention can sprout and grow like spring as long as being managed carefully; with a complete wide flavor, the aralia elata seem not only grows well, but also has no diseases and insect pests; after being cultured for 40 to 45 days, the height of the aralia elata seem sprout in emerald green can reach about 20cm with a diameter more than 1 cm. The invention has good market prospect and economic benefit. Not only in the harvest season like spring that the aralia elata seem is out of supply, in winter, fresh aralia elata seem is also hard to taste. Culturing aralia elata seem in winter can create considerable economic benefits and plays a positive role for constructing new agriculture.

The invention discloses a method for producing alcohol through solid fermentation on mixed waste molasses containing cellulose substances, belonging to the technical field of alcohol production and aiming to solve the problems of high production cost and high difficulty in treating pollution caused after production. The method comprises the following steps of crushing one or more of crop straws containing cellulose substances to obtain a crop straw raw material; preparing a yeast mash; mixing the yeast mash and waste molasses to obtain a mixture A; mixing the mixture A and the crop straw raw material to obtain a mixture B containing 15-30% of sugar; automatically and continuously fermenting the mixture B through a fermentation tank to obtain a solid fermentation finished mash; continuously feeding the solid fermentation finished mash into an alcohol distillation machine to distil diluted alcohol out; and treating the diluted alcohol by using a rectifying technology to obtain a finished product of alcohol. According to the method disclosed by the invention, different crops are selected as raw materials in different crop harvest seasons, so that the production cost is low; a proper amount of waste molasses is added, so that the fermented alcohol content is high; solid fermentation is adopted, so that no liquid distiller grains are generated, and no distiller grain pollution is caused.

The invention discloses a fruit drink and a preparation method thereof. The fruit drink comprises the ingredients as follows: 5-10% of original hawthorn juice, 1-5% of wild jujube juice, 1-5% of pomegranate juice, 1-3% of Chinese wolfberry juice, 1-3% of star fruit juice, 7-14% of white sugar, 0.01-0.1% of citric acid, 0.03% of potassium sorbate, 0.01-0.03% of xanthan gum, 0.01-0.3% of gellan gum and the balance of water. The fruit drink provided in the invention is prepared from the main raw materials of five red fruits and vegetables, i.e., hawthorn, wild jujube, pomegranate, Chinese wolfberry and star fruit, is rich in multiple nutrients beneficial to a human body and good in taste, and is not limited by harvest seasons of fruits and vegetables, therefore, the fruit drink is available for consumers all the year around, and the application prospect on the market is quite wide. In addition, the preparation method is simple and convenient for operation.

The invention discloses a breeding method for a variety of zizania latifolia. The method is designed by adopting block experiments, double-season zizania latifolia and single-season zizania latifoliaare separately provided with block experiments, control groups are subareas individually arranged according to a local planting habit and management method, variety small areas are introduced in the block experiments, the variety small areas are randomly distributed, repetition is performed for three times, a seedling emergence period, planting time, tillering time, stem swelling start time and aharvest period of experimental varieties are recorded, field performance traits, occurrence conditions and prevention and control effects of pests and diseases, and product commodity traits of the experimental varieties are observed and recorded, crude zizania latifolia is harvested in a same harvest season in each area in batches, yields are combined, and a yield in each area is counted, and a main cultivation variety and a combination variety of the zizania latifolia suitable for large-scale production are screened. According to the method disclosed by the invention, through introduction, experiments and demonstration of a novel variety of the zizania latifolia and research of agronomic measures and environmental factors such as a fertilization technique, a cultivation density, cultivation time and water level regulation on the yield, quality and marketing period of the zizania latifolia, the novel variety of the zizania latifolia suitable for local planting is introduced and screened.

The invention discloses a breeding method for late-maturing blue crabs, and relates to the technical field of aquaculture. The method comprises the steps of site selecting, nursery pond constructing, nursery pond water quality controlling, crab seeding selecting, bait matching, feed feeding, nursery pond water quality managing, harvesting and the like. According to the breeding method for the late-maturing blue crabs, the blue crab breeding season is adjusted so that the traditional harvest peak season of blue crab breeding in south of China can be staggered, and the fresh and cheap blue crabs are supplied to consumers of the untraditional blue crab harvest season.

The invention discloses a method for promoting seeds to quickly germinate by refrigerating kiwi fruits, and relates to a method for promoting seeds of kiwi to germinate. The method comprises the following steps of: 1, in harvest season, picking the kiwi fruits, and refrigerating in a refrigerator or a freezer; 2, in sowing season, taking the seeds out of the fruits and cleaning; 3, wrapping the seeds with gauze, and putting into a thermostat for germination; 4, taking the germs out; 5, mixing the germs with soil, and sowing in a propagation bed; 6, preserving moisture and ventilating; 7, planting. The method is easy to operate, and special management is not needed; the seeds are quickly promoted to germinate, and the germination rate is high; the seedling stage is shortened and the growth period is prolonged; and the method is suitable for breeding new varieties of kiwi.

The invention relates to a mechanical stubble cleaning and straw returning method. The method specifically comprises the steps of (1) using a stubble cleaning machine to conduct stubble cleaning on straw left after harvest of crops on the whole land in a harvest season; (2) equally dividing the whole land into 5-10 land blocks, collecting the whole straw on the whole land, intensively stacking the straw on one land block, and then letting the land block lie fallow for one season and sowing next-stubble crops on the other land blocks where the straw is not stacked; (3) using the stubble cleaning machine to conduct stubble cleaning on the land block where the straw is intensively stacked for twice, spraying decay accelerating materials on the straw, conducting rotary tillage and conducting secondary rotary tillage after a month. By adopting the mechanical stubble cleaning and straw returning method, the ground surfaces of the land blocks where the straw is collected are high in crop sowing quality and yield, and great in economical benefit and has fewer plant diseases and pests, and the seedlings on the ground surface grow well; meanwhile, the straw degradation capability of soil in the land block where the straw is intensively collected is significantly improved, the organic content of the soil is increased, and the land capability is improved.

The invention discloses a method and a device for monitoring crop harvesting progress. The method includes acquiring complete polarimetric synthetic aperture radar (SAR) remote-sensing images in a monitoring area in the harvest season of crops, decomposing the remote-sensing images by polarization to obtain polarization parameters of each pixel; extracting the boundary of each plot in the remote-sensing images, and acquiring the average polarization parameter of all pixels in each plot according to the polarization parameter of each pixel; judging whether the crops on each plot are harvested or not according to the average polarization parameters. The method solves the problem that the acquired harvesting progress of the optical remote-sensing monitoring has an effect on the monitoring accuracy of the harvesting progress of the crops since the harvester crops are aired on the spots. The harvesting progress of the crops can be quickly and accurately monitored in large area, high-efficient harvesting is guaranteed to the greatest extent, risk in harvesting output due to weather and the like is reduced, and the method has great significance in realizing high yield, high quality and high efficiency of the crop harvesting.

Orange juice products are provided which include as a component juice extracted from a mid-season round orange cultivar having a peak harvest season in December, January and February. The preferred mid-season round orange cultivar is the Vernia cultivar. The juice extracted from such mid-season cultivar has sensory attributes which are superior to those of traditional late season Valencia round orange cultivar juice. The mid-season juice has a Brix-to-acid ratio and a color intensity at least as high as juice provided by the traditional Valencia cultivars which are harvested at the same time as the mid-season cultivar.

The invention relates to the field of agriculture, in particular to a device and method for stereoscopic breeding of retooning rice and fish. The device for the stereoscopic breeding of the retooningrice and fish comprises a paddy field, a fishpond, a fish ditch and a fish raising container, wherein the sum of the area of the fishpond and the fish ditch does not exceed 10% of the area of the paddy field, and the fish raising container comprises a container body and a fish hole. The device and method for the stereoscopic breeding of the retooning rice and fish have the advantages of not only preventing the fish ditch from collapsing with the fish raising container directly placed in the fishpond, but also allowing the slope of the fishpond to be made small to improve planting area of the paddy field; guaranteeing easy fishing without affecting farming in the coming year as the fish container can be lifted when the paddy field is harvested; not only prolonging the growth period of the fish in paddy field and facilitating the cultivation of good quality commercial fish via the stereoscopic breeding of the retooning rice and fish but also reducing labor input with no need for the fishto be removed during harvesting of the retooning rice in harvest seasons; harvesting one more season of rice; greatly increasing economic benefits of raising fish in the paddy field.

The invention relates to the technical field of hydropower. Water in a reservoir is not used in a water-filling power station, and a single machine can generate 10-15 percent of electric power. Surplus fall at the upstream is shifted to the downstream, which is performed in the following steps: tail water of a water turbine is blocked up by a thinned enclosing wall with lashing wires on the three sides, and the tail water is supplied to an auxiliary engine to generate the electricity. The auxiliary engine is located on a short bridge at the tail end of the enclosing wall. The host engine observes that the tail water is filled, an adjusting valve can be automatically turned on to compensate the surplus fall (limitation on permission of intensity of a tail water chamber) to recover the original flow capacity and the original power so that the power generation power of the auxiliary engine is considerable. When the upstream water level is not high and the surplus fall is not enough, a bottom gate at the tail end of the enclosing wall is opened to discharge, and the host engine automatically generates the electricity while the auxiliary engine stops the operation. The surplus fall is the fall storage to increase water storage capacity in the reservoir. Few units are operated in the less-harvest season to reserve certain storage. The surplus fall cannot take part in electricity generation of the host engine, and the product of the surplus fall and the flow rate represents the surplus power which is lost on the adjusting valve along with the outflow of the water for electricity generation of the water turbine. The invention can change the history that the surplus fall cannot generate the electricity and recycles the power lost on the adjusting valve.

The invention relates to a cultivation facility and method suitable for three-dimensional symbiosis of dendrobium officinale and anoectochilus formosanus, and belongs to the technical field of plant rapid propagation. The facility is composed of a three-dimensional two-layer vertical type cultivation bedstead and ground ditches; the upper layer of the bedstead is formed by laying a big grid and rectangular grid rebar mesh used for placing dendrobium officinale potted plants; the lower layer of the bedstead is formed by laying small-rectangle iron wire gauze used for placing anoectochilus formosanus planting disks; after plants are planted in a field, the relative humidity of a thin film greenhouse is controlled at 60% or above, the temperature is controlled at 15-30 DEG C, and the light transmittance is controlled at 65-75%; the light intensity is 5000-1000 lux, ventilation and sprinkling irrigation are equipped, the water storage ditches are formed in the ground and used for cooling and increasing the humidity. Dendrobium officinale fertilization is taken as the principal thing, anoectochilus formosanus mainly absorbs fertilizer dropping from the upper layer, and artificial assisted fertilization is taken as the secondary thing. The cultivation facility suitable for the three-dimensional symbiosis of dendrobium officinale and anoectochilus formosanus can avoid the damage of underground pests and also can make full use of water and the fertilizer dropped from the upper layer, the planting cost is lower, the harvest seasons are spaced apart, and benefits are higher.

The invention provides a potato seed dormancy extension agent of potatoes. The potato seed dormancy extension agent comprises camphor balls of which the mass content is not less than 20%; the potato seed dormancy extension agent of the potatoes aims at solving the problem of time difference of a harvest season and a planting season of the potatoes by prolonging the dormancy of the potato seed and inhibiting sprouting of the potato seed, so as to form synchronism of the germinating time and the planting time of the potato seed and reduce the rotten potato rate (attrition rate) caused by early germination of the potato seed. Meanwhile, the potato seed of the potato can be stored at normal temperature by the potato seed dormancy extension agent; the use of cold storage facilities and related energy consumption in the storage process of the potato seed is reduced; the cost of the storage process of the potato seed is also reduced.

A sweet corn milk beverage and its preparation method. The sweet corn milk beverage is made from the following components of: 10-30% of sweet corn paste, 30-50% of reconstituted milk, 3-10% of white sugar, 0.01-0.1% of carboxymethylcellulose sodium and the balance being drinking water. According to the invention, sweet corns and reconstituted milk are used as the main raw materials for preparing the sweet corn milk beverage. As the beverage provided by the invention contains a plurality of nutritional components that are beneficial for human body, has a good taste, and is not restricted by the harvest season of the sweet corns, it can be drunk by consumers through the year and has an extremely extensive application prospect in the market. In addition, the preparation method provided by the invention is simple and is convenient to operate.

The invention discloses a method for preparing frozen-cooked freshwater crayfish meat. The method comprises the following steps: (1) selecting raw materials; (2) directly cleaning the selected qualified crayfishes with an automatic cleaning machine; (3) cooking the cleaned crayfishes in a cooking machine, and cooling the cooked crayfishes timely; (4) respectively conveying the cooled crayfishes to all operation workshops to carry out operations such as removing heads, removing shells, removing intestines, yellowing or washing and grading; (5) rinsing the graded shrimp meat in ozone water for 3-5 minutes; (6) vacuum packaging the graded shrimp meat; (7) quick freezing the packaged shrimp meat in a flat panel quick freezing machine; (8) packaging the frozen shrimp meat in cartons and immediately conveying the cased shrimp meat into a cold storage warehouse for cold storage. By adopting the method disclosed by the invention, the crayfishes can be purchased in large amount in the harvest season and are frozen and cooked to both bring a wider development space for aquaculture and provide opportunity for the general public to taste the crayfishes all the year round.

The invention discloses a tobacco leaf planting auxiliary motor tricycle. The tobacco leaf planting auxiliary motor tricycle comprises a frame, a front wheel and a handlebar are installed at the front end of the frame, rear wheels are installed on the lower portion of the middle of the frame, a power device for driving the rear wheels to rotate is installed on the upper portion of the middle of the frame, a hopper is installed on the rear portion of the frame, a power shaft extending horizontally is installed on the lower portion of the middle of the frame, and the rear wheels are installed on the power shaft through an axial adjusting device; each rear wheel comprises two annular hubs coaxially arranged, the peripheries of the two hubs are fixedly connected through wheel plates which are annularly arrayed at an interval and flush with the ground for supporting and matching, each rear wheel further comprises a conical wheel arranged at the outer side of the rear wheel, wherein a taper adjusting device capable of adjusting the taper of the conical wheel is arranged between the rear wheel and the conical wheel or between the power shaft and the conical wheel. The tobacco leaf planting auxiliary motor tricycle can transport agricultural means of production on soft soil in the plowing and sowing period without sinking into the soil or compacting the soil, can assist in tobacco transportation in V-shaped grooves of a tobacco leaf land in the harvest season, saves time and labor, and is high in generality and high in tobacco picking efficiency.

A VC fruit and vegetable milk beverage and its preparation method. The VC fruit and vegetable milk beverage is made from the following components of: 5-10% of milk, 18-22% of pea puree, 18-22% of tomato paste, 4% of fructose-glucose syrup, 2% of white sugar, 0.02% of vitamin C, 0.25% of xanthan gum, 0.25% of carboxymethylcellulose sodium, 0.03% of potassium sorbate and the balance being drinking water. The VC fruit and vegetable milk beverage, which is prepared by using the main raw materials of pea, tomato and milk with the addition of vitamin C at the same time, contains a plurality of nutritional components that are beneficial for human body and has a good taste; furthermore, as the beverage is not restricted by the harvest season of fruits, consumers can drink the beverage through the year. Therefore, the beverage provided by the invention has an extremely extensive application prospect in the market. In addition, the preparation method provided by the invention is simple and is convenient to operate.