The invention provides a microgravity experiment system and an experiment method for verifying the fluid transmission performance of a plate type storage box. The microgravity experiment system for verifying the fluid transmission performance of the plate type storage box comprises a filling liquid storage box model, a filled liquid storage box model, a self-locking valve, a self-locking valve controller, an image acquisition device, a deflation valve, a nitrogen bottle, an inflation valve, an air passage control desk, a liquid injection valve, a simulation liquid tank, a pipeline three-way valve and other components, wherein a drop tower double-chamber experiment module is used for measuring and verifying the transmission action of fluid in the plate type storage box and controlling the fluid transmission time; a ground filling and control module fills nitrogen gas into the filling liquid storage box model before a drop tower experiment and fills propellant simulation liquid; and after the experiment starts, the ground filling and control module and the tower double-chamber experiment module are disconnected. The experiment system and the experiment method have the advantages that the structure is compact, the self-locking valve is adopted for automatic control, the time coordination and matching with microgravity is strong, the occupied area is small, the leak tightness of a loop is good, the models are replaced easily, camera shooting and observation are convenient, and the like.