The invention relates to a single tower cable-stayed bridge model test system based on damage identification for the field of bridge test science. The test system comprises a single tower cable-stayed bridge model, a lever loading system and a cable tension test system, wherein the single tower cable-stayed bridge model comprises a main bridge, a main tower, a stayed cable, a support, a base and a support upright which are assembled together; the lever loading system comprises a gantry device, a lever device and a lintel device, wherein the gantry is transversely arranged above the main beam of the single tower cable-stayed bridge model, and the lintel device is placed on the main beam of the single tower cable-stayed bridge model; and the cable tension test system comprises an anchoring screw, a leveling block, a pressure ring sensor and an adjusting nut which are mounted in a cable beam anchoring area. According to the invention, model tests for the dynamic and static performance ofthe cable-stayed bridge and experimental studies on the damage identification method of the cable-stayed bridge structure can be performed; and moreover, real-time and quick measurement of the cable tension can be realized without changing the cable rigidity, and thus the problem of difficult measurement of cable tension in the cable-stayed bridge model is solved.