45results about How to "Improve the quality of cultivated land" patented technology

The invention belongs to the technical field of agricultural environment conservation and repair, and particularly discloses a conditioner for repairing farmland soil polluted by heavy metals and a preparation method. The processed raw materials such as quick lime, zeolite, sepiolite and calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer are uniformly mixed proportionally, so as to obtain the conditioner. The conditioner provided by the invention is reasonable in formula, the method is feasible, the operation is simple, and the conditioner integrates the functions of repairing soil with heavy metal pollution, regulating and controlling the soil acidity and alkalinity, and the like, enables the effective state cadmium and lead in polluted farmland to be reduced by 22.4%-31.4% and 26.3%-43.5% respectively, enables the contents of cadmium and lead in rice to be reduced by 33.2%-38.9% and 29.4%-44.6% respectively, the pH of soil to be increased by 0.16-0.27 and the yield of rice to be improved by 3.6%-6.3%, and is applicable to various farmland soil seriously polluted by heavy metals and seriously acidified.

The invention provides a solanum tuberosum and double cropping rice rotation crop rotation culture method for improving a south double cropping rice paddy soil micro-aggregate structure, and belongs to the field of agricultural production. The method mainly comprises the first step of solanum tuberosum high-yield cultivation and the second step of early rice and late rice high-yield cultivation, wherein the first step comprises the substeps of preparation before seeding, variety selection, cutting of seed solanum tuberosum, seeding at suitable time and coverage of straw and a mulching film, field management comprising timely film breaking, topdressing, drainage and insect disease prevention, timely harvesting, and field returning of solanum tuberosum stem leaves and straw for coverage, and the second step comprises the substeps of variety selection, seedling transplanting, filed management comprising scientific fertilization, weeding, irrigation and insect disease prevention, timely harvesting and field returning of straw. By means of the method, south double cropping rice paddy winter agriculture can be reasonably developed, the rice paddy soil micro-aggregate structure is effectively improved, soil is fertilized, economic benefits of solanum tuberosum in one season are increased on the basis of ensuring the double cropping rice yield, the purposes of improving the rice paddy soil structure and obtaining high-yield year-round crops are achieved, and the popularization value is high.

The invention discloses an agricultural machine navigation system and method applied to small and medium-sized farmland. The navigation system comprises a distance measurement device, an intelligent camera, a vehicle-mounted computer, a farmland target and a display device. According to the navigation system, the distance between an agricultural machine and the farmland target is obtained through the distance measurement device, distance information is converted into the information of the actual position of the agricultural machine and the relative position of a preset rail through the vehicle-mounted computer, the information is sent to the display device at last, an agricultural machine operator can observe the relative position of the agricultural machine in real time through the display device, and the agricultural machine is controlled to return to the preset position if deviating from the preset rail. The agricultural machine navigation system has the advantages of being simple in structure, higher in maintainability, lower in failure rate, low in cost and the like.

The invention discloses a special full-component biological organic fertilizer for tobaccos and a preparation method of the special full-component biological organic fertilizer. The organic fertilizer is mainly prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight: 26-38 parts of fermented rapeseed cakes, 18-22 parts of nitrogen fertilizers, 13-20 parts of phosphorus fertilizers, 16-22 parts of potassium fertilizers, 3-5 parts of humic acid, 3-5 parts of amino acid raw powder, 2-4 parts of secondary and trace nutrient elements, 1-3 parts of active silicon fertilizers, 1-3 parts of rhizoma phragmitis, 2-3 parts of clove, 0.5-2 parts of functional microorganisms and 0.5-1 part of nitrogen fertilizer synergists. The special full-component biological organic fertilizer for the tobaccos is complete in product nutrients, and can meet the nutrient elements needed for the growth of the tobaccos; components in a full-component biological organic fertilizer product cooperate with one other and achieve synergism; the full-component biological organic fertilizer is easily absorbed by crops; the yield and the quality of tobacco leaf can be obviously improved; the rhizosphere microenvironment of the plants can be improved; the resistance of the crops can be improved; meanwhile, the application of chemical fertilizers can also be reduced; the quality of a cultivated land can be improved.

The invention discloses a method for interplanting of corn and potatoes through straw returning, and belongs to the technical field of circulating agriculture. The method comprises the steps of setting of interplanting specification, straw returning, sowing and soil measuring and fertilizing. Interplanting of corn and potatoes is performed through straw returning so that the physical and chemical properties of soil can be improved, the content of organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrients is increased, the volume weight is slightly reduced, the quality of cultivated land is improved, and the yield and quality of corn and potatoes can be improved.

The invention discloses a reconstruction method of a plough layer of a waterlogging farmland. The method comprises the following step of sequentially spreading a water permeable layer, a filtering layer, a soil dressing layer and a surface soil re-covering layer from top to bottom from an excavation surface of the bottom surface of the plough layer to the surface of a previous plough layer, wherein the water permeable layer is composed of coarse sand; the filtering layer is composed of straws; the soil dressing layer is composed of soil outside the previous plough layer; and the surface soil re-covering layer is composed of soil of the previous plough layer. The reconstructed plough layer of the farmland can guarantee a drainage function of the waterlogging farmland and also can improve the ventilation and water permeability of the soil; and the adaptability to a crop growth environment is considered, longitudinal and transverse water drainage of water is effectively solved, and the drainage coefficient of the farmland is improved.

The invention provides a method for orchard deep fertilization by using straw fiber fertilizer pipes, belongs to the technical field of straw comprehensive utilization technology and fertilization technology integration, and mainly solves the problem of surface fertilization of an orchard in the prior art. The method includes four steps that soil testing is conducted, the straw fiber fertilizer pipes in which a fertilizer is mixed are prepared, the fertilizer pipes are inserted into pre-drilled fertilization holes, wherein the distribution, number and depth of the fertilization holes are changed according to the age of trees, and the depth of the fertilization holes is 300-600 mm; the corresponding fertilizer pipes are matched with the fertilization holes, various nutrients can be added into hollow straw long fiber rods to prepare fertilizer rods to be inserted into the corresponding fertilization holes, the fertilizer rods need to be arranged in the annular band of water dripping of tree crown, and finally, reasonable hole fertilization and irrigation are conducted. The method achieves the effect of efficient use of water and fertilizers, and provides the technical support for development of fruit industries in arid regions.

The invention relates to a one-empty-in-two-ridge corn planting method. The method comprises the following steps: (1) preparing land; (2) selecting seeds; (3) performing coating; (4) sowing according to a one-empty-in-two-ridge method; (5) applying fertilizer, using BB fertilizer or slow / controlled-release fertilizer according to a detection result; (6) irrigating; (7) performing field management; (8) harvesting. Compared with the prior art, the beneficial effects of the method are that the method is characterized by simple, scientific, and rational, and the method effectively uses an empty ridge method to realize a marginal effect, so as to increase field ventilation and light penetrating amount and improve growing environment of corns, the method uses a high photosynthetic efficiency principle to realize a planting mode of ridges are border rows and plants are land, thereby improving utilization rate of illumination and accumulated temperature; since fertilizing amount is concentrated, being beneficial for corns to fully absorb intensively, thereby improving utilization rate of fertilizer, preventing problems of excessive or insufficient fertilization, improving corn yield and cultivated land quality, and the method has wide promotional value.

The invention discloses a method for increasing soil organic matter of a winter-fallowed paddy field. The method comprises the steps of milkvetch seeding, compost preparing, rice straw returning to field, milkvetch plowing and the like. According the method, through many years of practice, after rice is harvested, straw returning to field, milkvetch planting and additional farm compost applying are conducted, and the method is simple, easy to operate and low in cost; through an added special soil modifier, decomposition of the organic matter in soil can be accelerated, the winter soil temperature is increased, the soil vitality is kept, it is guaranteed that the good soil physicochemical status can be kept after planting in early spring, the organic matter content of the soil is effectively increased, the important significance for maintaining and improving the farmland quality and promoting agricultural sustainable development is achieved, and the method is suitable for being applied and popularized in large area.

The invention discloses an acidic biochar fertilizer suitable for saline-alkali soil and a preparation method thereof. The acidic biochar fertilizer comprises biochar as a raw material. The method comprises the following steps: drying yak manure, crushing and sieving the manure; mixing the sieved yak manure with deionized water, putting the mixture into a hydrothermal reaction kettle, and carryingout a hydrothermal reaction; washing the hydrothermal solution obtained after the reaction is finished with absolute ethyl alcohol until the hydrothermal solution is colorless; washing the hydrothermal solution with distilled water until the hydrothermal solution is neutral, then carrying out suction filtration, and drying the solid product to obtain biochar; mixing the biochar with a nitric acidsolution, oscillating the mixture, washing the mixture with deionized water, regulating the pH value, carrying out suction filtration, drying, sieving to obtain acidic biochar, granulating the acidicbiochar with a disc granulator, and drying to obtain the acidic biochar fertilizer. The method is simple, controllable and easy to implement; the acidic biochar fertilizer prepared by the invention can reduce the pH of saline-alkali soil and improve the quality of cultivated land; the biomass resource utilization efficiency is improved, and the solid waste environmental pollution is reduced.

The invention provides an improvement formula and an improvement method for new facility greenhouse soil, and aims to provide a set of comprehensive soil improvement formula and implementation schemeaccording to the principles of scientific benchmarking and dialectical compatibility in allusion to various problems of barren soil of facility vegetables. The invention has the following advantages:1, the formula is an organic source, and is environment-friendly and ecological; 2, the implementation method is simple and rapid; and 3, the main components of the formula are derived from kitchen organic matters, and the reuse of the kitchen organic matters not only solves the environmental protection pressure, but also provides high-quality organic matters and other nutrient elements for the improvement of the quality of cultivated land; 4, the use amount of the chemical fertilizer is reduced by 20-30%.

The invention provides a facility vegetable fertilization method capable of reducing the loss of nitrogen leaching and applications of the facility vegetable fertilization method, and relates to the technical field of facility vegetable cultivation. Through the optimization of the application amount of chemical fertilizer and the combination of a fertilizer synergist, the fertilization method canenhance the yield and quality of facility tomatoes and reduce the loss of nitrogen leaching, is strong in operability, and has important significance on protecting environments of underground water and enhancing the quality of cultivated land. Through the utilization of the fertilization method, the tomato yield of single seasons can reach up to 135.80 t / hm<2>, and two-time yield can reach up to 342.06 t / hm<2>; in the research of tomato quality, significant influences on other quality indexes cannot be generated except for the significant reduction of nitrate content (the amount of reduction being up to 39%); the apparent utilization of fertilizer and fertilizer partial productivity can also be increased, and total nitrogen accumulated leaching amount can be reduced (the highest reductionbeing 15.99%); and in addition, convenient addition can be achieved during fertilizer production or planting, so that the fertilization method has very wide application prospects.

The present invention relates to a technical method for urea synergistic agent, which comprises the following components, by mass: 75%-81% of amine hexanoate, 5%-9% of sodium nitrophenolate, 4.5% -11% of monohydrate magnesium sulfate, and 5.5%-9% of sulfuric acid zinc. With the components mixed and processed into a granular material, a white crystalline powder is formed. The urea synergistic agent can achieve the purpose of increasing production, improving efficiency and reducing costs, and has effects that soil aggregate structure is improved, water content of soil is increased, accordingly the soil physical and chemical properties are improved, and thereby technical support is provided for the implementation of sustainable agriculture development. Moreover, the process is simple and has strong competitive strength. The urea synergistic agent improves the utilization rate of fertilizers and reduces the costs, meanwhile reduces the pollution of the environment, and furthermore, can improve the quality of crops and promote the root formation.

The invention discloses an ecological cycle treatment and utilization process of residual vegetables, wherein the comprises the following steps: collecting a large amount of residual vegetables generated in agriculture, and removing foreign matters such as plastic, ironware, sawdust, soil blocks, stones, paper scraps, mud roots and the like mixed in the residual vegetables and rotten and deteriorated parts; putting a part of the selected clean residual vegetables into a net chain bubble cleaning machine to wash away soil in the residual vegetables; crushing the cleaned residual vegetables intoa powdery or pasty material with the particle size of 3 cm or less by using a large hammer mill so as to enhance the flowability of the residual vegetables. A large amount of residual vegetables canbe quickly treated; the pollution to the environment is reduced; the treated residual vegetables do not generate secondary pollution; part of the residual vegetables are used for feed processing, squeezed residual vegetable residues are used for producing solid organic fertilizers and applied to farmlands, biogas slurry generated after residual vegetable juice fermentation serves as organic liquidfertilizers to be used for farmland irrigation, the requirements of the planting industry are met, meanwhile, the use amount of chemical fertilizers is reduced, the crop yield is increased, the cropquality is improved, and meanwhile biogas energy is generated by the process system.

The invention relates to the technical field of farmland conservation and remediation, in particular to a soil conditioner for passivating farmland heavy metals and a preparation method thereof, and the soil conditioner comprises the following components in percentage by weight: 40-60% of quick lime, 10-40% of dolomite and 1-20% of calcium-magnesium-silicon fertilizer. The preparation method of the soil conditioner comprises the following step: uniformly mixing the quick lime, the dolomite and the calcium-magnesium-silicon fertilizer according to the proportion to obtain the soil conditioner.The conditioner is wide in raw material source, simple in preparation method, easy to implement, convenient to use and wide in application and promotion prospect, the product can reduce the bio-availability of heavy metal in soil from multiple angles, the pH value of the soil can be greatly increased, formation of a soil aggregate structure is promoted, the permeability of the soil is enhanced, the conditioner has the functions of repairing acidified soil, improving the soil tillage quality and the like, and the fertilizer is suitable for various soils with developed soil forming parent materials, and is a broad-spectrum multifunctional environment-friendly product.

The invention discloses a biological fertilizer for preventing and controlling root black rot of tobacco, and a preparation method thereof, and belongs to the technical field of tobacco disease and pest control. The biological fertilizer comprises 26-30 parts of Acer truncatum seed cake meal, 18-22 parts of a nitrogen fertilizer, 13-20 parts of a phosphorus fertilizer, 16-22 parts of a potassium fertilizer, 2-3 parts of mineral source potassium fulvate, 1-2 parts of polyaspartic acid, 4-9 parts of conch shell powder, 0.5-2.5 parts of medium trace elements, 0.5-2 parts of chitosan, 0.5-1 part of agricultural algin, 0.5-1 part of glucose and 1-3 parts of a composite microbial agent. The biological fertilizer is prepared from the raw materials through the processes of crushing, mixing and thelike. The product is comprehensive in nutrients, can meet the requirements of tobacco growth for nutrient elements, has a good control effect on the root black rot of tobacco, can reduce the application of chemical pesticides and chemical fertilizers after being applied, and has the effects of soil conservation and tobacco quality improvement.

The invention provides a method for changing mountainous area yellow soil dry land into a paddy field. The method includes the steps that the range of the to-be-transformed paddy field is determined, surface soil is stripped, a substrate is leveled, field ridges are built, surface soil backfilling is carried out, and the field surface is leveled; the field is soaked, and pulping is carried out; rice seedling transplanting and tillage are carried out, and the field is subjected to rice seedling transplanting and daily management through a traditional mode. By means of the method, modern tillage is combined with a traditional cultivation technology so that fractures can be quickly plugged, water storage of the newly-built paddy field can be promoted, the problem that water storage is slow in a conventional method for changing dry land into paddy fields is solved, a high-quality plough bottom layer can be formed by the newly-built paddy field, forward succession of the newly-built paddy field is facilitated, and field weed root systems can be removed, so that the field surface becomes very smooth, and the later-period management of rice planting is facilitated. More importantly, the method can be used for overcoming the defect of soil puddling of the newly-built paddy field and effectively preventing stiff rice seedlings.

The invention relates to a soil preparation surface soil stripping and backfilling construction method. The method comprises the following steps: S1, carrying out detection and analysis according to surface soil naturally formed in the nature, and formulating a lowest standard suitable for plant growth; S2, carrying out regional division on a land parcel, and dividing the land parcel into a plurality of block sections; S3, carrying out sampling work on the surface soil of each block section, and carrying out detection and analysis work on the surface sample soil of different block sections; S4, marking the block sections with the surface soil lower than the lowest standard value; S5, removing sundries on the marked block section ground in a man-machine combination mode; S6, stripping the surface soil in a man-machine combination mode; S7, stacking and mixing the stripped surface soil, a biological bacterial fertilizer and an organic fertilizer; and S8, backfilling the mixed surface soil. The method has the effect of quickly realizing surface soil nutrient remediation.

The invention relates to the technical field of saline-alkali land treatment, in particular to a saline-alkali land transformation device which comprises a frame, a drilling device and a sand filling device, the drilling device and the sand filling device are both arranged on the frame, the drilling device is used for drilling holes in the ground, and the sand filling device is used for filling sand into holes. The drilling device and the sand filling device are arranged for drilling and sand filling respectively, the soil surface and the soil deep layer can be directly connected, salt elimination is conducted on the saline-alkali soil, the physical structure of the saline-alkali soil can be obviously improved, the total salt content of the saline-alkali soil is reduced, the cultivated land quality is improved, and the device is low in cost, convenient, fast, efficient and suitable for popularization and application. And large-scale popularization is facilitated.

The invention discloses a special full-component biological organic fertilizer applied to grape. The special full-component biological organic fertilizer is prepared from the following components in parts by weight: 23-40 parts of agricultural planting and processing wastes, 18-28 parts of a nitrogen fertilizer, 10-18 parts of a phosphate fertilizer, 15-20 parts of a potassium fertilizer, 3-6 parts of humic acid, 3-6 parts of amino acid, 3-5 parts of shell powder, 1-3 parts of medium and trace elements, 0.5-2 parts of functional microbes and 0.5-1 part of a nitrogen fertilizer synergist. The fertilizer is complete in nutrients and can meet nutrient elements needed for the growth of the grape; all the components cooperate with each other to achieve synergistic actions; the fertilizer is easily absorbed by the crops, is capable of improving the plant rhizosphere microecological environment and improving the resistance of the crops, and is also capable of reducing application of chemicalfertilizers and improving the quality of the cultivated land.

The invention discloses a package fertilization method for flue-cured tobacco planting use, and belongs to the technical field tobacco planting. According to the package fertilization method for the flue-cured tobacco planting use, two fertilizers, including a special compound fertilizer for tobacco and a special topdressing fertilizer for tobacco, are adopted at different growth stages in the process of tobacco planting, wherein the special compound fertilizer for the tobacco is an organic inorganic active fertilizer of which a total nutrient content of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is 23-28%, and an organic matter content is 20-25%; and the special topdressing fertilizer for the tobacco is an amino acid containing water-soluble fertilizer of which a total nutrient content of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is 46-53%. The package fertilization method for the flue-cured tobacco planting use disclosed by the invention enables fertilization according to the law of tobacco fertilizer demand, so that the package fertilization method is highly targeted; and moreover, the package fertilization method for the flue-cured tobacco planting use has the advantages of being capable of simplifying fertilization, saving labor, stabilizing yield of tobacco leaves, improving quality of tobacco leaves, saving cost, improving efficiency, improving quality of cultivated land, and ensuringhigh fertilizer utilization rate.

A stone removing and soil preparation machine for farmland comprises a frame, a soil shoveling mechanism, a soil separating mechanism and a gravel conveying mechanism. A soil loosening mechanism comprises a plurality of soil loosening grids, a soil loosening grid supporting rod and suspension rods at two ends of the supporting rod. The soil separating mechanism comprises an openable-closable separating chain, two belt pulleys, a soil separating chain driving shaft and a soil separating chain driving wheel. The gravel conveying mechanism comprises a conveyor belt, a conveyor belt folding arm, a hydraulic cylinder, a driving sprocket wheel, a driven sprocket wheel, a driven shaft, a belt pulley and a conveyor belt wheel. The stone removing and soil preparation machine performs sand removing on the farmland and simultaneously performs soil preparation operations of stubble elimination, deep loosening, soil crushing, etc. Furthermore the quality of the farmland can be effectively improved.

The invention discloses a fully water-soluble fulvic acid special organic fertilizer for tobacco and a preparation method of the fertilizer, and relates to the field of novel agricultural fertilizers. The preparation method comprises the following steps: adding a 50% molasses fermentation byproduct fulvic acid liquid into a reaction tank, heating to 68-90 DEG C, adding urea and stirring for 15-25 minutes; then, sequentially adding phosphamidon, amino acid powder, potassium nitrate, magnesium sulfate, ferrous sulfate, copper sulfate, zinc sulfate and borax to chelate, and stirring for 70-90 minutes at a constant temperature; spraying and drying the chelated liquid to powder and packaging and leaving factory; or after cooling the chelated liquid to 35 DEG C, adding functional bacteria, and packaging as a liquid fertilizer and leaving factory. The technical method disclosed by the invention is less in investment, simple in equipment and easy to popularize. The product makes a contribution to improving the quality of cultivated land, increasing the fertility of soil, promoting soil repair, ensuring the safety of agricultural product and producing organic tobacco.

The invention discloses an integrated system suitable for transportation operation in a hilly and mountainous area. The system comprises a rail transport line consisting of settling tanks and rails, and an operation vehicle running along the rail transport line, wherein the rail transport line is arranged along the slope surface of the hilly and mountainous area, in rail transport line sections transversely arranged at slope surface terrace belt pavements, the rails are lower than the terrace belt pavements or are flush with the terrace belt pavements, a Beidou system and an unmanned aerial vehicle are connected with a central control center to facilitate the design of the rail transport line, and a remote control module is wirelessly connected with the central control center for remotelycontrolling the operation of the operation vehicle. According to the system, the rails are arranged on a slope surface along the settling tanks to form the continuous rail transport line, passing or operation of agricultural machines such as a management all-in-one machine on terrace belts is not hindered, the rail transport line connects the plurality of terrace belts in series, land parcels arepromoted to be changed from small to large, short to long, steep to flat, and bent to straight, and be changed to be interconnected and intercommunicating, agricultural machine passing and operation conditions are practically improved, cultivated land quality is improved, and mechanical transformation in the hilly and mountainous area is promoted.

The invention relates to a facultative anaerobic bacteria biological fertilizer. The preparation method is characterized by including the steps of: 1, strain selection: selecting a variety of facultative anaerobic bacteria which can be rapidly propagated under an aerobic condition and also can grow and propagate in a paddy field anaerobic environment, and combining the facultative anaerobic bacteria according to certain proportion; 2, activation and purification of the strains; 3, liquid shaking table enlarged culture; 4, preparation of solid bacterial powder; and 5, preparation of the facultative anaerobic biological fertilizer.

The invention discloses a seaweed biological fertilizer special for tobacco. The seaweed biological fertilizer is prepared from 26-35 parts of rapeseed cake fertilizer, 3-6 parts of seaweed leavening with biological activity, 18-22 parts of nitrogen fertilizer, 13-20 parts of phosphate fertilizer, 16-22 parts of potash fertilizer, 2-3 parts of silane coupling agent, 1-2 parts of polyaspartic acid, 0.5-2.5 parts of medium trace elements and 0.5-1 part of calcined shell powder. The seaweed bio-fertilizer is crushed and mixed into a water fertilizer, and the water fertilizer is fertilized to a tobacco root system part through a special fertilization device. The bio-fertilizer is added with macronutrient elements, medium and micronutrient elements and active seaweed components required by tobacco growth, so that on one hand, the fertility of soil can be improved, cultivated land can be nursed, on the other hand, the stress resistance of tobacco can be improved, plant diseases and insect pests can be reduced, and the application of pesticides can be reduced; the yield and quality of tobaccos and the improvement of cultivated land quality can be guaranteed, and meanwhile, the special fertilizing device is matched, so that the remarkable effect of reducing labor and cost can be achieved.

The invention relates to the field of agricultural operation equipment, in particular to a soil turning mechanism for hard soil. The agricultural operation equipment comprises a driving shaft, a soilturning cutterhead and a soil turning rotating shaft, wherein the driving shaft is arranged on a soil drilling positioning box and a soil loosening positioning box; one end of the driving shaft extends into the soil drilling positioning box; the extending-end end of the driving shaft is provided with a driving gear; the other end of the driving shaft transversely passes through the soil looseningpositioning box; a second bevel gear is arranged on the shaft section positioned inside the soil loosening positioning box; the driving gear and a driven gear are engaged; the driven gear is arrangedon the rotating shaft part of a soil loosening drill; the soil loosening drill extends out of the soil drilling positioning box; the second bevel wheel is engaged with the first bevel wheel; the firstbevel wheel is arranged on the soil turning rotating shaft; the soil turning rotating shaft passes out of the soil drilling positioning box; the soil turning cutterhead is arranged on the extending-out end of the soil turning rotating shaft. The soil with the high hardness or serious hardening conditions can be loosened; the soil loosening effect is good; the soil cultivation quality is improved;the crop yield is favorably improved.