Methods to fabricate objects by 3D printing of poly-4-hydroxybutyrate (P4HB) and copolymers thereof have been developed. In one method, these objects are produced by continuous
fused filament fabrication using an apparatus and conditions that overcome the problems of poor feeding of the filament resulting from the low
softening temperature of the filament and heat
creep along the fed filament. Methods using an apparatus including a
heat sink, a melt tube, a heating block and
nozzle, and a transition zone between the
heat sink and heating block, with the melt tube extending through the
heat sink, transition zone, and heat block to the
nozzle are disclosed. 3D objects are also printed by fused pellet deposition (FPD),
melt extrusion deposition (MED),
selective laser melting (SLM), printing of slurries and solutions using a coagulation bath, and printing using a binding solution and
polymer granules.