The invention discloses a vaccine for treating and / or preventing type I diabetes and an application thereof. The active ingredients of the vaccine are as follows: 1) or 2) or 3): 1) proteantigen of type I diabetes and an immunosuppressor; 2) an epitope peptide of the proteantigen of type I diabetes and the immunosuppressor; and 3) the proteantigen of type I diabetes, the epitope peptide of the proteantigen of type I diabetes and the immunosuppressor, wherein the proteantigen of type I diabetes is at least one of insulin, glutamate decarboxylase and islet amyloid polypeptide; and the immunosuppressor is at least one of dexamethasone, cyclosporin A, tacrolimus, mycophenolate mofetil, azathioprine, prednisone, early-group prednisolone, anti-CD4 monoclonal antibody and anti-C3 monoclonal antibody. The composition can promote Treg proliferation, accelerate secretion of IL-10 and TGF-beta, control the blood glucose level, inhibit the killing action of autoimmune responsive CD8 T cells, inhibit DC cell maturation, and induce immunosuppression so as to effectively treat type I diabetes.